Table 1.
Role of miR-1 and miR-21 in different types of CVD.
| Type of CVD | miR | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury | miR-1 | ↓miR-1 in heart tissue in response to I/R in rats, mice, and infarcted human hearts | [48,49,50,52,53] |
| ↓miR-1 in H9c2 cells and neonatal cardiac myocytes in response to H/R | [48,51] | ||
| ↑miR-1 in remote myocardium compared to infarcted zone or healthy hearts in infarcted human hearts | [54] | ||
| ↑levels of circulating miR-1 after AMI in pigs and humans | [58,59] | ||
| miR-1 overexpression exacerbated cardiac I/R injury in transgenic mice | [55] | ||
| miR-1 inhibition protects against I/R (H/R) injury in rats, mice, and H9c2 cells | [48,55,56] | ||
| miR-21 | ↓miR-21 in in infarct areas, ↑miR-21 in borderline areas in I/R model in rats | [62] | |
| ↑miR-21 in infarct zone of mouse hearts on days two and seven post-MI | [63] | ||
| ↓miR-21 in heart tissue in the first and second week but unchanged in the fourth week post-AMI in mice | [64] | ||
| ↑miR-21 in mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes, H9c2, HL-1, and HCM cells exposed to H/R | [65] | ||
| diverse time-dependent changes in circulating miR-21 in post-MI patients | [76] | ||
| ↑circulating miR-21 in patients with CAD undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography | [82] | ||
| ↑miR-21 in serum of elderly patients with AMI correlated with levels of CK-MB and cTnI | [68] | ||
| ↓miR-21 in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to OGD and ↑PDCD4, ↑apoptosis, ↑ROS | [66] | ||
| miR-21 protected cultured cardiac myocytes against H/R-induced apoptosis via ↓PDCD4 | [83] | ||
| ↑miR-21 in the infarct zone promoted myocardial fibrosis post-MI in mice | [71] | ||
| ↑miR-21 in heart atria was associated with ↑atrial collagen content in patients with AF | [72] | ||
| Cardiac arrhythmias | miR-1 | ↑miR-1 expression in the heart associated with ↑arrhythmogenesis in rodents, dogs, and humans | [84,85,86,87] |
| ↓miR-1 expression in heart tissue in patients with age-associated AF and in patients with permanent AF undergoing heart surgery | [88,89] | ||
| miR-21 | ↑miR-21 in heart tissue in patients with AF | [90] | |
| ↓plasma levels of miR-1 in patients with AF | [91] | ||
| ↑miR-21 promote fibrosis in AF in rodents | [92,93,94] | ||
| Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy | miR-21 | ↑miR-21 expression in mice heart with transverse aortic constriction, ↓PDCD4 | [95] |
| ↑miR-21 expression in NRCM with Ang II | [95] | ||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | miR-1 | unchanged miR-1-3p expression in left ventricles in humans with dilated cardiomyopathy | [10] |
| ↓miR-1 in heart of (miR-1 dKO) mice | [96] | ||
| miR-21 | ↑miR-21 in left ventricles in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy | [10] | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | miR-1 | ↓miR-1-3p in human left ventricles | [10] |
| miR-21 | unchanged miR-21 in left ventricles in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | [10] | |
| ↑miR-21 in fibroblasts of the pressure-overloaded heart | [97] | ||
| unchanged miR-21 in cardiomyocytes of the pressure-overloaded heart | [97] | ||
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | miR-1 | ↑miR-1 regulation in H9C2 in high glucose | [98] |
| ↓miR-1 in cardiomyocytes treated with high glucose | [99] | ||
| miR-21 | ↑miR-21 in high glucose-treated cardiac fibroblasts | [100] | |
| Viral myocarditis | miR-21 | ↑miR-21 in human and murine coxsakcie B3 myocarditis | [101,102] |
| Radiation-induced heart disease | miR-1 | ↓miR-1 in left ventricle six weeks after 25 Gy and 10 Gy irradiation of mediastinum area | [103,104] |
| miR-21 | ↑miR-21 in left ventricle six weeks after 25 Gy and 10 Gy irradiation of mediastinum area | [103,104] | |
| Anthracyclines-induced cardiomyopathy | miR-1 | ↑miR-1 in blood plasma of rats after doxorubicin treatment | [105] |
| ↑miR-1 in blood plasma of cancer patients after doxorubicin treatment | [106] | ||
| ↓miR-1 in blood plasma of rats after doxorubicin-induced injury | [107] | ||
| ↑miR-1 in heart tissue of rats after doxorubicin treatment | [108] | ||
| ↓miR-1 in blood plasma of cancer child and young adult patients after anthracycline treatment | [109] | ||
| ↓miR-1 in blood plasma of breast cancer patients after doxorubicin treatment | [110] | ||
| miR-21 | ↑miR-21 in mice hearts after doxorubicin treatment | [108,111,112] |
Abbreviations: CVD: cardiovascular disease; I/R: ischemia/reperfusion; H/R: hypoxia/reoxygenation; AMI/MI: (acute) myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CM: cardiac myocytes; HCM: human cardiomyocyte cell line; PDCD4: programmed cell death protein 4; AP-1: activator protein 1 (downstream molecule of PDCD4); ROS: reactive oxygen species; IS: infarct size; LV: left ventricle; CPC: cardiac progenitor cell; AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; TASH: transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy; OGD: oxygen-glucose deprivation (simulated ischemia).