Table 4.

Adjusted Sex-Specific Associations Between Prenatal Lead Exposure and T2DM and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children at Age 10 to 18 Years^a

	Boys		Girls
	≥5 µg/dL (N = 81) vs <5 µg/dL (N = 98)		≥5 µg/dL (N = 84) vs <5 µg/dL (N = 97)
	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P
Fasting glucose z score
≥5 µg/dL	–0.05 (–0.34, 0.25)	0.76	–0.06 (–0.35, 0.23)	0.69
HOMA-IR z score
≥5 µg/dL	–0.04 (–0.28, 0.20)	0.74	0.04 (–0.19, 0.27)	0.73
Triglycerides z score
≥5 µg/dL	0.26 (–0.04, 0.55)	0.09	–0.03 (–0.30, 0.24)	0.81
Total cholesterol z score
≥5 µg/dL	–0.41 (–0.71, –0.12)	0.007	–0.11 (–0.38, 0.16)	0.40
HDL-C z score
≥5 µg/dL	–0.32 (–0.59, –0.05)	0.02	0.01 (–0.30, 0.32)	0.95
LDL-C z score
≥5 µg/dL	–0.52 (–0.81, –0.22)	0.007	–0.15 (–0.43, 0.12)	0.27

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.

^aMissing information: maternal smoking history (n = 9); adjusted for child age, body mass index z score, and number of siblings at birth, maternal age, marital status, education, and smoking history.