Table 6.
Biochemical parameters for male rats after 28 days of oral exposure to single investigated substances (DEHP, DBP, and BPA) and their mixture (MIX).
| Parameter | Value Presentation |
Oil Control |
DEHP | DBP | BPA | MIX |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mmol/L) | Average | 11.78 | 14.86 * | 14.78 * | 11.06 ‡ | 14.58 * |
| SD | 2.931 | 2.808 | 1.630 | 2.241 | 1.941 | |
| % to control | 26 | 25 | −6 | 24 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | Average | 0.4500 | 0.7800 * | 0.7400 * | 0.6000 | 0.7833 * |
| SD | 0.05477 | 0.1789 | 0.1517 | 0.2449 | 0.1169 | |
| % to control | 73 | 64 | 33 | 74 | ||
| Urea (mmol/L) | Average | 7.540 | 7.300 | 7.300 | 7.550 | 8.033 * |
| SD | 0.4506 | 0.7517 | 0.7517 | 0.7937 | 0.8779 | |
| % to control | −3 | −3 | 0 | 7 | ||
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | Average | 43 | 43.80 | 44.20 | 44.25 | 42.50 |
| SD | 4.743 | 3.347 | 3.114 | 3.775 | 2.345 | |
| % to control | 2 | 3 | 3 | −1 | ||
| Uric acid (µmol/L) | Average | 337.2 | 360.8 | 373.4 | 304.0 | 355.8 |
| SD | 71.71 | 98.04 | 98.04 | 40.32 | 59.18 | |
| % to control | 7 | 11 | −10 | 6 | ||
| Total protein (g/L) | Average | 76.20 | 78.80 | 76.40 | 72.50 | 76.17 |
| SD | 4.207 | 8.408 | 2.074 | 7.506 | 2.639 | |
| % to control | 3 | 0 | −5 | 0 | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | Average | 50.75 | 53.00 | 50.080 | 49.75 | 53.00 |
| SD | 2.500 | 5.149 | 1.643 | 5.252 | 2.530 | |
| % to control | 6 | 1 | 0 | 6 | ||
| Total bilirubin (µmol/L) | Average | 1.020 | 1.260 | 1.183 | 1.325 | 1.520 * |
| SD | 0.3271 | 0.5079 | 0.3061 | 0.09574 | 0.1789 | |
| % to control | 24 | 16 | 30 | 49 | ||
| Direct bilirubin (µmol/L) | Average | 0.6500 | 0.6600 | 0.7600 | 0.8250 | 0.7500 |
| SD | 0.1291 | 0.2966 | 0.1517 | 0.1500 | 0.1378 | |
| % to control | 2 | 17 | 27 | 15 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | Average | 57.8 | 62.8‡ | 60.0 ‡‡ | 62.8 ‡ | 73.00 ** |
| SD | 6.140 | 5.933 | 8.396 | 7.463 | 2.309 | |
| % to control | 2 | 1 | 5 | 27 | ||
| AST (U/L) | Average | 134.6 | 131.4‡ | 142.0 | 137.8 | 154.5 * |
| SD | 7.733 | 8.417 | 12.17 | 18.5 | 12.26 | |
| % to control | −1 | 7 | 5 | 15 | ||
| The De Ritis ratio | Average | 2.353 | 2.111 | 2.384 | 2.220 | 2.087 |
| SD | 0.3168 | 0.2680 | 0.1841 | 0.4169 | 0.1331 | |
| % to control | −10 | 1 | −6 | −11 | ||
| ALP (U/L) | Average | 363.00 | 422.2 * | 374.7 | 422.5 * | 385.0 |
| SD | 36.98 | 57.76 | 12.88 | 38.51 | 34.29 | |
| % to control | 16 | 3 | 16 | 2 | ||
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | Average | 1.584 | 1.274 ** | 1.356 * | 1.796 ‡‡‡ | 1.290 * |
| SD | 0.2031 | 0.2045 | 0.1232 | 0.1623 | 0.1377 | |
| % to control | 0 | 7 | 18 | 4 | ||
| HDL (mmol/L) | Average | 0.9980 | 0.9600 | 0.9600 | 0.9400 | 0.8425 |
| SD | 0.07225 | 0.1872 | 0.1581 | 0.1780 | 0.09605 | |
| % to control | −4 | −4 | −6 | −16 | ||
| LDL (mmol/L) | Average | 0.2960 | 0.3040 | 0.3680* | 0.3725 * | 0.3450 |
| SD | 0.02608 | 0.05188 | 0.0497 | 0.05188 | 0.01243 | |
| % to control | 3 | 24 | 26 | 16.5 | ||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | Average | 1.122 | 1.202 | 1.448 * ‡ | 1.508 * ‡ | 1.115 |
| SD | 0.1535 | 0.2545 | 0.2815 | 0.2973 | 0.1097 | |
| % to control | 7 | 29 | 34 | −1 | ||
| Serum iron (µmol/L) |
Average | 46.33 | 43.05 | 44.00 | 37.75 * | 41.13 |
| SD | 3.963 | 6.717 | 2.993 | 3.148 | 5.086 | |
| % to control | −7 | −5 | −19 | −11 | ||
| Na+ (mmol/L) |
Average | 157.0 | 155.8 | 153.8 | 160.3 | 159.0 |
| SD | 4.393 | 2.683 | 1.304 | 6.602 | 3.521 | |
| % to control | −1 | −2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| K+ (mmol/L) |
Average | 8.920 | 9.300 | 9.100 | 8.450 | 8.365 |
| SD | 1.066 | 1.703 | 0.6782 | 1.507 | 0.3061 | |
| % to control | 4 | 2 | −5 | −6 | ||
| Cl− (mmol/L) |
Average | 102.6 | 100.6 | 100.4 | 101.3 | 101.8 |
| SD | 2.191 | 1.817 | 1.140 | 2.754 | 2.041 | |
| % to control | −2 | −2 | −1 | −1 | ||
| Ca2+ (mmol/L) |
Average | 3.762 | 3.843 | 3.988 | 3.890 | 3.927 |
| SD | 0.2095 | 0.2451 | 0.2895 | 0.1158 | 0.1782 | |
| % to control | 2 | 6 | 3 | 4 | ||
| PO43− (mmol/L) |
Average | 4.910 | 5.520 | 4.954 | 5.410 | 5.227 |
| SD | 0.3955 | 0.9345 | 0.4149 | 0.4859 | 0.4700 | |
| % to control | 12 | 1 | 10 | 6 | ||
| Mg2+ (mmol/L) |
Average | 2.198 | 2.380 | 2.478 | 2.195 | 2.277 |
| SD | 0.2869 | 0.2616 | 0.3268 | 0.2272 | 0.2045 | |
| % to control | 8 | 13 | 0 | 4 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (compared to the control), ‡ p < 0.05, ‡‡ p < 0.01, ‡‡‡ p < 0.001 (compared to the MIX group). One-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test/Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test. DEHP: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (50 mg/kg b.w.), DBP: Dibutyl phthalate (50 mg/kg b.w.), BPA: Bisphenol A (25 mg/kg b.w.), MIX: Mixture (50 mg/kg b.w. DEHP + 50 mg/kg b.w DBP + 25 mg/kg b.w BPA), CRP: C-reactive protein, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein.