Table 1.

MicroRNAs involved in VC.

miRNA Species	VC Models	VC Agonistic or Antagonistic	Molecular Influences	Reference
miR-21	Human ASMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate OPN	[40]
miR-25	Primary mouse ASMC	Antagonistic (potentially)	Down-regulate MOAP1	[51]
miR-26a	Human VSMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate CTGF and RANKL	[35]
miR-29a/29b/29c, miR-29b-3p	Rat VSMC, uremic rat arteries, uremic patient arteries	Antagonistic	Down-regulate ADAMTS-7 (direct target, miR-29a/b)	[14]
	Human VSMC	Agonistic	Down-regulate elastin	[26]
	Primary rat ASMC, Nephrectomized rat with VC	Agonistic	Down-regulate HDAC4, CTNNBIP1, and ACVR2A	[32]
	Rat VSMC, rat calcified arteries	Antagonistic	Down-regulate MMP2 (direct target, 29b-3p)	[34]
	Human ASMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate Wnt7b/ß-catenin	[44]
miR-30b	Human coronary SMC, human calcified coronary arteries	Antagonistic	Down-regulate RUNX2 (direct target)	[16]
	Human ASMC	Antagonistic (potentially)		[28]
	Rat VSMC, nephrectomized rat with VC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate SOX9 (direct target), up-regulate MMP, autophagy and mTOR	[47]
miR-30c/30e	Human coronary SMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate RUNX2 (direct target, 30c)	[16]
	Mouse ASMC, ApoE KO mouse aorta	Antagonistic	Down-regulate IGF-2 (direct target, 30e)	[25]
miR-32	Mouse ASMC, OPG KO mouse, plasma from human with CAC	Agonistic	Up-regulate RUNX2, BMP2, OPN, and ALP	[37]
miR-34a/34b/34c	Aldosterone-treated rat VSMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate SATB2 (direct target, 34b/34c)	[29]
	miR-34a KO mice	Agonistic	Down-regulate SIRT1 and Axl (direct target, 34a)	[39]
	Rat VSMC, Nephrectomized rat with VC, uremic calcified renal arteries	Antagonistic	Down-regulate Notch1 (direct target, 34b)	[64]
miR-125b	Human coronary SMC, ApoE KO mouse calcified aorta	Antagonistic	Down-regulate osterix (direct target)	[13]
	Primary rat ASMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate Ets1 (direct target)	[22]
	Rat ASMC, adenine-feeding CKD rat with VC, sera from uremic patients	Antagonistic	Down-regulate RUNX2 and osteocalcin	[33]
miR-128-3p	Type 2 diabetic rats	Agonistic	Down-regulate ISL1 (direct target), up-regulate Wnt-1/ß-catenin and GSK-3ß	[48]
miR-133a/133b	Primary mouse VSMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate RUNX2 (direct target, 133a), osteocalcin, and ALP	[19]
	Human ASMC	Antagonistic (potentially)		[28]
	Primary rat ASMC, Nephrectomized rat with VC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate RUNX2	[32]
	Rat ASMC, adenine-feeding rat with VC	Agonistic (potentially)		[68]
miR-135a, miR-135a-3p	Mouse ASMC, Klotho KO mouse aorta	Agonistic	Down-regulate NCX1 (135a-3p)	[17]
	Primary rat ASMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate KLF4 (direct target) (135a)	[30]
miR-142-3p	DAB/2 mouse aorta, sera from uremic patients	Antagonistic (potentially)		[45]
miR-143	Human ASMC	Antagonistic (potentially)		[28]
miR-155	Rat ASMC, adenine-feeding rat with VC	Agonistic (potentially)		[68]
miR-182	Rat ASMC, Calcified arteries from VitD-treated rat	Antagonistic	Down-regulate SORT1 (direct target)	[42]
miR-204	Mouse ASMC, VitD-treated mouse aorta	Antagonistic	Down-regulating RUNX2 (direct target)	[15]
	Mouse VSMC, Nephrectomized mouse with VC, calcified renal arteries from uremic patients	Antagonistic	Down-regulating DNMT3a (direct target)	[41]
	Rat VSMC, adenine-feeding rat with VC, renal arteries from uremic patients	Antagonistic	Down-regulating RUNX2 (direct target)	[50]
miR-205	Human ASMC	Antagonistic	Down-regulating RUNX2 and Smad1 (direct target)	[21]
miR-211	Primary rat ASMC, Nephrectomized rat with VC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate RUNX2	[32]
miR-221/222	Primary mouse VSMC	Agonistic	Up-regulate ENPP1, PiT-1	[66]
miR-223	Human primary VSMC, ApoE KO mouse aorta	Agonistic (potentially)	Down-regulate Mef2c, RhoB	[18]
	RAW264.7 cells	Antagonistic	Up-regulate osteoclastogenesis-related genes	[23]
	RAW264.7 cells	Antagonistic	Down-regulate NF1A, RhoB	[36]
	Human VSMC, plasma from uremic patients	Agonistic	-	[49]
miR-297a	VitD-treated rat with VC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate FGF-23	[60]
miR-302b	Nephrectomized rat with VC	Antagonistic	Down-regulate BMP-2, RUNX2, Osterix	[38]
miR-712-3p	Mouse ASMC, Klotho KO mouse aorta	Agonistic	Down-regulate NCKX4	[17]
miR-714	Mouse ASMC, Klotho KO mouse aorta	Agonistic	Down-regulate PMCA1	[17]
miR-762	Mouse ASMC, Klotho KO mouse aorta	Agonistic	Down-regulate NCX1	[17]
miR-2861	Mouse primary ASMC	Agonistic	Down-regulate HDAC5	[24]
miR-3960	Mouse primary ASMC	Agonistic	Down-regulate HOXA2	[24]

ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ASMC, aortic smooth muscle cell; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CTNNBIP, catenin beta interacting protein; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; ENPP, ectophosphodiesterase/nucleotide phosphohydrolase; FGF-23, fibroblast growth factor-23; GSK, glycogen synthase kinase; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; KO, knockout; MMP, metalloproteinase; MOAP, modulator of apoptosis; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NCKX, Na⁺/Ca²⁺–K⁺ exchanger; NCX, Na⁺–Ca²⁺ exchanger; OPN, osteopontin; PMCA, plasma membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; VC, vascular calcification; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.