Table 1.

Xanthones with anti-inflammatory activity.

Model/Method	No	Dose	Outcomes	Ref.
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages	1	10 μmol/L	Suppressed the phosphorylation of IKK-β, Akt, and p65	[38]
	2	10 μmol/L	Inhibited the production of IL-6 and TNF-α	[38]
	4, 7	25, 50 μg/mL	Suppressed the generation of TNF-α and ICAM-1	[28]
	6, 15−18, 21, 26−28, 37	3, 10, 30, 100 μmol/L	Downregulated mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2	[37]
	9	50 μmol/L	Suppressed iNOS, COX-2, inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IκB-α	[34]
	12	1, 2, 5, 10 μmol/L	Induced HO-1 expression and increased HO-1 activity, inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β	[35]
	19	5, 10, 20 μmol/L	Inhibited NO production and IL-6 secretion	[29]
	22	11.72 ± 1.16 μmol/L	Inhibited NO production	[30]
	30	20, 40, 60 μmol/L	Inhibited the production of NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β	[31]
	33	6.25 μmol/L	Suppressed NO production	[32]
	38	50 μg/mL	Inhibited COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX-mediated LTB4 formation	[36]
	40	11.3 ± 1.7 μmol/L	Inhibited NO production	[33]
	41	18.0 ± 1.8 μmol/L	Inhibited NO production	[33]
LPS/IFN𝛾-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages	20	3.125–25 𝜇mol/L	Suppressed IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-𝛼	[69]
	39	10 μmol/L	Decreased NO production	[40]
Human neutrophils	3, 7, 42, 43	1000 μg/mL	Inhibited WST-1 by NADPH oxidase	[45]
	23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35	10 μg/mL	Inhibited superoxide anion generation and elastase release	[44]
CD3− synovial cells	7	100 μg/mL	Downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ	[46]
Lung of septic mice		10, 30, 100 mg/kg	Upregulated the expression and activity of HO-1	[48]
Carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia Wistar rats		100 μg/paw	Inhibited TNF-α level through CINC-1/epinephrine/PKA pathway	[51]
MC 3T3-E1 cell line		10, 20, 30, 40 μmol/L	Alleviated oxidative stress by activating the BMP2/Smad-1 signaling pathway	[54]
HFLS-RA cells	10	10 μg/mL	Inhibited nuclear translocation of p65	[56]
AA rats	10	2.5−10 μg/mL	Inhibited fibrous hyperplasia, synovial angiogenesis, cartilage	[56]
Peripheral LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C57BL/6J mice	10	40 mg/kg	Reduced brain levels of IL-6 and COX-2	[58]
Established CIA in DBA/1J mice	10	10, 40 mg/kg	Reduced the levels of anti-collagen IgG2a and autoantibodies in serum and the production of LIX/CXCL5, IP-10/CXCL10, MIG/CXCL9, RANTES/CCL5, IL-6 and IL-33 in joints	[60]
Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma mice	9, 10	10, 30 mg/kg	Increased Th2 cytokine	[62]
3T3-L1 cells	10, 19	10 μmol/L	Inhibited PPARγ and NFR2 through NF-κB	[64]
Acetic acid-induced mice	5	10, 20 mg/kg	Reduced paw edema	[65]
EPP-induced ear edema	10, 13, 14, 25, 36	1 mg/kg	Inhibited edema	[67]
LPS-induced adipose tissue inflammation mice	10	10 mg/kg	Reduced macrophage content and shifted pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization	[18]
	19	20 mg/kg	Reduced macrophage content through inhibiting MAPKs and NF-κB activation	[29]