Table 1.

Current options of tendinopathy management.

Conservative Management		Surgical Management
Biomechanical Therapies	Biological Therapies	Operative Therapies
Classical physiotherapy: Deep transverse friction massage Myofascial manipulation Controlled motion Ultrasound (0.75-3.0 MHz; pulsed or continuous) Ionophoresis Phonophoresis Acupuncture Electrical and laser stimulation: Pulsed electromagnetic fields Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy Laser treatment (pulsed or continuous) Stabilization and modification: Taping Splinting Bracing Straps Orthotic devices Modification of activity: Rest Eccentric exercises Thermic treatments: Cryotherapy (e.g., ice packs and baths) Thermotherapy (heat)	Pharmaceutical agents: Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Systemic corticosteroids Pain control (anesthetics) Antibody therapy (e.g., IL-17, IL-1β antagonist and BMP) Peritendinous (high volume) injections: Corticosteroid injection Saline injection Hyaluronic acid injection Botulinum toxin (BTA) injection MMP inhibitor injection (e.g., Aprotinin) Prolotherapy Topical glyceryl trinitrate therapy Polidocanol injection Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate injection Sclerosant injection Low-dose heparin Blood-based therapies: Platelet-rich plasma injection Autologous blood injection Actovegin (deproteinized extract of calf’s blood) Cell-based therapies: Autologous tenocyte implantation (Orthocell)	Arthroscopy Debridement and decompression Endoscopic/minimally invasive surgery Percutaneous longitudinal tenotomy Radiofrequency microtenotomy Stripping and destruction of neovessels Endoscopic tendon debridement Tenolysis Gastrocnemius recession Tendon replacement strategies after rupture: Tendon allografts Tendon transfer Tendon prosthesis