Figure 5.

Schematic illustration of the sequential signalling pathways activated in elicited ginseng (A). Model of cross-talk between different signal transductions (B). Cross talk between different signalling molecules is shown by bold arrows. ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACS 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, ACO 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, AOS allene oxide synthase, β-AS beta-amyrin synthase, DDS dammarenediol synthase, 12,13-EOT 12,13(S)-epoxyoctadecatrienoic acid, H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide, 13-HPOT (13S)-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid, JA jasmonic acid, LOX lipoxygenase, NO nitric oxide, NOS nitric oxide synthase, O₂⁻ superoxide radical, OPR oxophytodienoate reductase, PLA phospholipase, SS squalene synthase, SE squalene epoxidase, TFs transcription factors, UGRdGT UDPG/ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase (Adapted from Rahimi et al. [5]).