Figure 3.

DPE-mediated activation of NOXs accounts for stimulated production of total ceramides. Human KC pre-treated with or without NOX (Apocynin [APO], 100 μM) or ROS generation (N-Acetylcysteine [NAC], 1 mM) inhibitors for 30 mins were incubated with DPE (100 μg/mL) for 24 hrs. Total ceramides (A,C,D) and ceramides containing different carbon chain lengths of fatty acid (B,E,F) were assessed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. All values are mean ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance was calculated using the unpaired Student’s t-test, and significance was defined as p < 0.01 vs. vehicle control (or untreated control).