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. 2020 Jan 27;21(3):812. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030812

Table 1.

Changes in the levels of blood cell metabolites following exposure to ionizing radiation.

Metabolite Category † Day 2 Day 6
Fold Change Fold Change
1 Gy/0 Gy 3 Gy/0 Gy 1 Gy/0 Gy 3 Gy/0 Gy
Increased (38 metabolites)
2-Aminobutyric acid 1.58 * 1.7 * 1.27 * 1.45 *
3-Phosphoglyceric acid Sugar metabolism 1.33 1.71 * 1.05 0.74
5-Oxohexanoic acid 1.48 * 1.21 1.37 * 1.22
ADP-glucose Nucleotide sugars, Nucleotide sugars, Vascular 1.22 1.42 * 1.08 1.07
GDP-fucose
ADP-ribose 0.48 0.87 1.1 1.83 *
Alanine Cytokine, Hormone, Hemocyte, Renal disease, Uremic toxin, Sugar metabolism 1.04 1.06 1.12 1.3 *
ATP Purine bases, Sugar metabolism 1.22 1.46 * 1.09 0.81
Cumic acid N.D. N.D. 1.4 * 1.1
Decanoic acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.25 1.01 1.38 * 1.06
Flavin mononucleotide 1.62 2.08 * 1.29 * 0.78
Glutamine Hemocyte 0.99 1.15 * 1.05 1
Glutathione (GSH) Anti-oxidant, Lipid Fatty Acid metabolism, Methylglyoxal 0.83 1.67 * 0.92 0.95
GTP Purine bases 1.38 1.76 * 1.24 0.81
Heptanoic acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.51 1 1.4 * 1.17
Hexanoic acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.33 1.06 1.21 * 1.02
Histidine 1.06 1.18 * 1.01 1.02
Isoleucine Essential amino acid, Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism, Liver disease, Sugar metabolism 1.03 1.27 * 1.12 1.01
Isobutyric acid Apoptosis, Carcinogenesis, Cell function, Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.67 * 1.11 1.08 1.12
Butyric acid
Isovaleric acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.57 * 1.16 1.19 1
Valeric acid
Leucine Essential amino acid, Insulin, Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism, Liver disease, Protein metabolism 1.11 1.33 * 1.17 1.19 *
Malonylcarnitine 1.02 1.16 1.31 * 0.85
Octanoic acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.02 0.94 1.15 * 0.98
Octanoylcarnitine 0.53 0.81 1.31 * N.D.
Ophthalmic acid 1.11 1.16 1.15 1.34 *
p-Toluic acid 1.7 * 1.12 N.D. N.D.
m-Toluic acid
o-Toluic acid
Pelargonic acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism 1.33 1.04 1.22 * 0.99
Phenylalanine Catecholamines and Derivatives, Essential amino acid 1.04 1.17 * 1.06 0.92
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid Sugar metabolism 1.45 1.9 * 1.13 0.75
S-Methylcysteine Anti-oxidant, Sugar metabolism 0.97 1.17 * N.D. N.D.
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate 1.44 1.24 1.19 1.63*
Thiaproline 1.13 1.52 * 1.15 1.09
Tyramine Catecholamines and Derivatives, Nervous system N.D. N.D. 1.47 * 1.17
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-1 1.22 * 1.27 * 1.09 0.93
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1
Undecanoic acid Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism N.D. N.D. 1.56 * 1.09
Valine Essential amino acid, Liver disease, Nervous system, Sugar metabolism 1.06 1.25 * 1.06 1.02
XA0002 (unknown peak) 0.93 0.97 0.92 1.16 *
XC0132 (unknown peak) 1.13 1.26 * N.D. N.D.
γ-Glutamyl-cysteine 1.03 2.06 * 0.83 0.87
Decreased (61 metabolites)
2-Hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid Maple syrup urine disease 0.63 * 0.6 * 0.78 0.8
2’-Deoxycytidine Pyrimidine bases 0.57 * 0.74 * 0.73 * 0.46 *
3-Indoxylsulfuric acid Renal disease, Uremic toxin, Vascular 0.76 0.51 * 0.61 0.78
5’-Deoxy-5’-methylthioadenosine Purine bases 0.84 0.55 * 0.9 0.89
7,8-Dihydrobiopterin Vascular 0.41 * 0.39 * 0.99 0.3 *
Acetoacetamide 0.8 0.65 * N.D. N.D.
Adenine Purine bases, Salvage pathway, Purine bases, Salvage pathway 1.32 1.09 0.91 0.71 *
Arginine Guanidino compounds 0.94 0.9 1.02 0.84 *
Aspartic acid Nervous system, Neuropsychiatric disorder, Sugar metabolism 0.63 * 0.57 * 1.16 0.5 *
Betaine Osmolytes, Renal disease, Uremic toxin, Transmethyration 0.79 * 0.76 * 1.11 0.83
Betonicine 0.71 * 0.69 * 0.86 N.D.
Butyrylcarnitine 0.73 0.63 * 0.75 0.93
Carnitine Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism, Liver disease, Cardiac disease 0.74 * 0.72 * 1.02 0.55 *
Choline Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism, Transmethyration 0.64 * 0.64 * 0.77 * 0.38 *
Citrulline 0.87 0.8 * 1.04 0.92 *
CMP-N-acetylneuraminate Nucleotide sugars 0.45 * 0.44 * 1.01 0.95
Creatine Cell function 0.89 0.9 * 1.01 1.03
Creatinine Protein metabolism, Renal disease, Uremic toxin, 0.92 0.9 0.95 0.85 *
Ectoine 0.98 0.61 * 0.84 0.67
Ergothioneine Anti-oxidant, Oxidative stress 0.98 1.03 0.95 0.69 *
Ethanolamine 0.79 * 0.89 1.08 0.59
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate Sugar metabolism 0.75 0.92 0.87 0.4 *
γ-Aminobutyric acid Nervous system, Sugar metabolism 0.73 * 0.69 * 0.67 0.45
Glycine 0.84 * 0.92 1.13 0.85
Glycyl-aspartic acid 0.46 * 0.41 * 1.3 0.36 *
Glycerol 3-phosphate Sugar metabolism 0.62 * 0.69 * 1.05 0.91
Hippuric acid 0.98 0.57 * 0.63 1.2
Homocitrulline 0.84 0.65 * 0.76 * 0.79
Homovanillic acid Catecholamines and Derivatives, Dopamine related substances, Nervous system 0.74 * 0.7 * 0.95 0.6
Imidazolelactic acid 0.64 * 0.85 0.85 0.71
Isethionic acid 0.63 * 0.63 * 0.87 0.87
Methionine sulfoxide Oxidative stress 0.9 0.67 * 0.95 1.13
N-Acetylaspartic acid N-Acetylated compounds, Nervous system 0.82 * 0.86 1.03 0.67 *
N-Acetylgalactosamine Sugar metabolism 0.91 0.99 1.08 0.69 *
N-Acetylmannosamine
N-Acetylglucosamine
N-Carbamoylaspartic acid 0.32 * 0.35 * 0.74 N.D.
N-Methylproline 0.94 0.77 * 0.73 0.53
N,N-Dimethylglycine Methylated compounds, Oxidative stress, Transmethyration 0.96 0.87 0.9 0.8 *
N6-Acetyllysine Apoptosis, Cell function, DNA damage, N-Acetylated compounds 0.74 * 0.55 * 0.78 0.75 *
N6-Methyllysine Methylated compounds, Transmethyration 0.97 1.02 0.95 0.78 *
O-Acetylcarnitine Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism, Nervous system 0.89 0.94 0.85 * 0.61 *
Phosphorylcholine Liver disease 0.4 * 0.32 * 0.82 0.34 *
Pipecolic acid Liver disease 0.81 * 0.77 * 0.86 0.75
Pyruvic acid Ketosis, Lipid, Fatty Acid metabolism, Protein metabolism, Sugar metabolism 0.72 * 0.91 1.19 0.96
Ribulose 5-phosphate 0.58 * 0.69 0.89 0.75
S-Adenosylmethionine Liver disease, Neuropsychiatric disorder, Oxidative stress, Transmethyration 0.94 1 0.94 0.87 *
S-Lactoylglutathione Methylglyoxal 0.58 * 0.76 0.68 0.57
Symmetric dimethylarginine Methylated compounds, Protein metabolism, Renal disease, Uremic toxin, Transmethyration, Vascular 0.91 1 1.05 0.6 *
Spermidine Polyamines 0.3 * 0.41 * 1.18 0.11 *
Stachydrine Osmolytes, Renal disease, Uremic toxin, Transmethyration 0.73 * 0.61 * 0.98 0.83
Thymidine Pyrimidine bases 0.56 * 0.77 * 0.88 0.43 *
Trigonelline 0.83 * 0.62 * 0.88 0.96
Trimethylamine N-oxide Osmolytes, Renal disease, Uremic toxin 0.69 0.55 * 1.52 1.36
Tyrosine Catecholamines and Derivatives 0.71 * 0.79 0.97 0.65 *
Urea Protein metabolism 0.81 * 0.77 * 0.85 0.78
XA0013 (unknown peak) 0.65 0.42 * N.D. N.D.
XA0033 (unknown peak) 0.45 * 0.39 * N.D. N.D.
XA0055 (unknown peak) 0.73 0.91 0.79 0.43 *
XC0040 (unknown peak) 0.77 * 0.78 * 0.83 0.68 *
XC0061 (unknown peak) 0.59 * 0.57 * 1.16 0.41 *
β-Alanine 0.93 0.79 1.05 0.57 *
γ-Butyrobetaine 0.76 * 0.78 * 0.78 0.36*
Increased and decreased (one metabolite)
Argininosuccinic acid Renal disease, Uremic toxin 0.75 * 0.77 * 1.25 * 0.58 *

* Comparative analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett’s test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. † Metabolite categories were derived from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB).