Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Jan 31;17(3):884. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030884

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Averages of well-being (WHO5) at ages 10 and 12 among non-dog/cat owners, dog owners, and cat owners (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Two-way mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant interaction of time points and owner types (F (2, 2572) = 6.78, p = 0.001). Simple main effect of owner types was not significant at age 10 (F (2, 2572) = 0.18, p = 0.835), but it was significant at age 12 (F (2, 2572) = 6.61, p = 0.001). Bonferroni adjustments were administered for multiple comparisons and found significant pairs at age 12 as follows: cat owners (owned no dogs) and non-dog/cat owners (p = 0.017) and cat owners (owned no dogs) and dog owners (owned no cats) (p = 0.001). Other pairs were not significant. The simple main effect of time points was significant in non-dog/cat owners (F = 85.55, p < 0.001) and cat owners (owned no dogs) (F = 26.21, p < 0.001) but not significant in dog owners (owned no cats) (F = 1.38, p = 0.240).