Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies (intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-IPV).
| Authors | Country | Population | Sample Size | Study Design | Outcomes of the Results | Forms of GBV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bleck et al. (2015) [25] | Selected SSA | Women aged 15–49 years | 44,487 | Cross-sectional | Approximately 29.0% (95% CI 28.8, 29.3) of women reported any physical or sexual IPV in their lifetime | IPV |
| Yaya et al. (2019) [26] | Angola | Women aged 15–49 years | 7669 | Cross-sectional | Overall, more than two-fifths of the women reported experiencing any IPV 41.1% (95% CI 38.7, 43.6): physical IPV 32.3% (95% CI 30.3, 34.5)) was most prevalent, followed by emotional 27.3% (95% CI 25.3, 29.4) and sexual IPV 7.4% (95% CI 6.6, 8.4) | IPV |
| Greene et al. (2017) [27] | 14 countries in SSA | Women aged 15–49 years | 86,024 | Cross-sectional | Any form of lifetime IPV 42.5% (95% CI 32.5, 53.1), IPV was the most prevalent 36.5% (95% CI 26.5, 47.7); non-partner family violence 11.3% (95% 8.7,14.7) and non-family violence 3.2% (95% CI 2.3, 4.3); psychological IPV 25.1% (95% CI 19, 32.3) moderate physical violence 25.6% (95% CI 17.4, 36), severe physical IPV 8.9% (95% CI 5.8, 13.4), any sexual IPV 10% (95% CI 6.1,16.2). | IPV and non-IPV |
| Fawole et al. (2013) [28] | Nigeria | Women (street beggars and traders) | 323 | Comparative cross-sectional study | The lifetime experience of violence against women (VAW) was 66.3% (95% CI 62.5, 70.1) among the beggars and 54.8% (95% CI 52.2, 57.6) among the homemakers (p < 0.05). Psychological violence was experienced by 34.7% and 20.8% (p < 0.05); physical violence by 31.9% and 16.7% (p < 0.05) and sexual by 20.3% and 0.8% (p < 0.01) of the beggars and homemakers respectively. | IPV |
| Mootz et al. (2018) [29] | Uganda | Women aged 13 to 49 | 605 | Cross-sectional | Both lifetime and previous year’s history: prevalence of experiencing IPV was psychological: 65.3% (95% CI 61%, 69) (life time) and 50.9% (95% 46.9, 54.9) (past 12 months); and physical: 59.9% (95% CI 55.7, 63-8) (lifetime) and 43.8% (95% CI 39.5, 47.8) (one year). | IPV |
| Vinck et al. (2014) [30] | Cote divore | Women aged 15 to 49 years | 950 | Cross-sectional | History of IPV 26.5% (95% CI 14, 36) reported experiencing IPV and 23.4% (95 %CI 16, 41) women reported past-year IPV. | IPV |
| Kirstenet al. (2010) [31] | DR Congo | Women (18–49) | 998 | Cross-sectional | Rates of reported sexual violence were 39.7% (95% CI 32.2, 47.2) | IPV |
| Ajah et al. (2014) [37] | Nigeria | Women aged 15 to 49 years | 836 | Cross-sectional study | The prevalence of domestic violence among rural women was significantly higher than that amongst urban women 97% (95% CI 94.6, 98) versus 81% (95 % CI 77, 84), (p < 0.001). In particular, the prevalence of physical violence was significantly higher among rural women than among urban women 37.2%, (95% CI 32.3, 42.4) versus 23.5 % (95 % CI 19.7, 27.6); (p < 0.05). | IPV |
| Adjah et al. (2016) [38] | Ghana | Women aged 15 to 49 years | 1524 | Cross-sectional | The proportion who ever had experienced domestic violence: 33.6% (95% CI 32, 36) emotional 30% (95% CI 27.7, 32.4); physical violence; 17% (95% CI 15.2, 19) and 4% (95% CI 3.1, 5.1) sexual violence | IPV |
| Admasu et al. (2016) [39] | Ethiopia | Women aged 15–49 years | 300 | Cross-sectional | IPV during recent pregnancy was 44.5% (95 % CI, 32.6, 56.4). About 55.5% (95% CI 157, 55.5) of women experienced all the three forms of intimate partner violence during recent pregnancy. Physical 29% (95 % CI, 24, 34.5), sexual 30% (95 % CI, 24.9, 35.6), and psychological 16% (95 % CI, 12, 20.7) | IPV |
| Shanko et al. (2013) [40] | Ethiopian | Women aged 15–49 years | 858 | Cross-sectional | Any experience of violence by an intimate partner was reported by 19.6% (95% CI 16.79, 22.2) and 70.3% of the perpetrators were husbands. | IPV |
| Fawole et al. (2018) [89] | Nigeria | Youth-students | 640 | Cross-sectional | At least one form of GBV was experienced: 86.7% (95% CI 83.9, 89.3) (89.1% of public and 84.8% private schools students (p = 0.32)). Psychological violence was the common type of GBV experienced (public—72.5% vs. private—69.2%; p = 0.37), while sexual violence was least (public—41.4% vs. private—37.4%; p = 0.3) prevalent. | IPV |
| Okenwa et al. (2009) [41] | Nigeria | Women aged 15–49 years | 934 | Cross-sectional | One-year prevalence of IPV was 29% (95% CI 26, 32), with significant proportions reporting psychological 23% (95% CI 20.4, 25.9), physical 9% (95% CI 7.3, 11), and sexual 8% (95% CI 6.4, 10.1) abuse. | IPV |
| Berhane et al. (2015) [90] | Ethiopia | Pregnant women | 422 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of intimate partner physical violence in pregnancy was 20.6% (95% CI 16.70, 24.90). | IPV |
| Gust et al. (2017) [43] | Kenya | Women age greater than 18-49 years | 7,421 | Cross-sectional | Found that 11.8% (95% CI 11, 12.5) reported physical violence by a sexual partner in the last 12 months. | IPV |
| Kimani et al. (2016) [44] | Kenya | Women aged 15–19 years | 301 | Cross-sectional | Among the respondents, 33% (95% CI 27.6, 38.6) were victims of sexual violence. | IPV |
| Titilayo et al. (2017) [45] | Nigeria | Women aged 15–19 years | 26,997 | Cross-sectional | One-quarter (25%) (95% CI 24.5, 25.5) of the ever married women reported ever experiencing one form of domestic violence or the other (sexual 6.6% (95% CI 6.3, 6.9), physical 15.1% (95% CI 14.6, 15.5) and psychological/emotional 19.7% (95% CI 19.2, 20.2) | IPV |
| Pitipitan et al. 2013) [46] | South Africa | Women | 1388 | Cross-sectional | A total of 38.9% (95% CI 36.4, 41.5) reported a lifetime history of violence (i.e., ever being hit by a sexual partner). For recent violence, a total of 1140 (82.1%) reported not having been hit and a total of 17.9% (95% CI 15.9, 20.1) women did report having been hit by a sexual partner in the last four months. | IPV |
| Fute et al. (2015) [47] | Ethiopia | Nurses | 660 | Cross-sectional | Prevalence of workplace violence was 29.9% (95% CI 26.5, 33.5) of which physical violence accounted for 5.5% (95% CI 3.9, 7.6), verbal abuse for 26.4% (95% CI 23, 30) and sexual harassment for 3.8% (95% CI 2.5, 5.6). | IPV |
| Fesehan et al. (2012) [48] | Ethiopia | Women | 422 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of physical violence in the last 12 months and lifetime was 25.5% (95% CI 21.3, 29.8) and 31.0% (95% CI 26.7, 35.7) respectively. The most common forms of physical violence reported included slapping 101 (61.6%) and throwing objects 32 (19.5%). | IPV |
| Fiorentino et al. (2019) [49] | Cameroon | Women (HIV positive women) | 894 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of IPV was 29% (95% CI 26, 32) (emotional), 22% (95% CI 19.4, 24.9) (physical), 13% (extreme physical) and 18% (95% CI 15.6, 20.7) (sexual). | IPV |
| Bui et al. (2016) [91] | Zimbabwe | 5280 | Cross-sectional | Reporting physical violence: 27.11% (95% CI 25.9, 28), sexual 14% (95% CI 13.1, 14.97) and emotional 24.35% (95% CI 23.2, 25.5) | IPV | |
| Pack et al. (2013) [92] | Kenya | Sex worker | 619 | Cross-sectional | About 78.7 % (95% CI 75.2, 81.8) of women reporting any IPV in the last 30 days. | IPV |
| Matsekeet al. (2017) [51] | South Africa | HIV positive women | 673 | Cross-sectional | Overall, 56.3% (95% CI 1 52.5, 60) reported having experienced either psychological or physical IPV, and 19.6% (95% CI 16.7, 22.8) reported physical IPV. | IPV |
| Azene et al. (2019) [52] | Ethiopia | Pregnant women | 409 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of IPV during current pregnancy was found to be 41.1% (95% CI 36, 46). Of this, the prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 29.1% (95% CI 27.1, 31.1), 21 % (95% CI 19.26, 22.9) and 19.8% (95% CI 18.0, 21.6) respectively. | IPV |
| Deyessa et al. (2009) [53] | Ethiopia | Women aged 15–49 years | 1994 | Cross-sectional | The lifetime prevalence of any form of IPV was 72% (95% CI 70.0, 73.9). | IPV |
| Gashaw et al. (2018) [54] | Ethiopia | Pregnant women | 720 | Cross-sectional | More than three quarters (80.6%) (95% CI 77.6, 80.5) reported to have a lifetime risk of emotional or physical abuse by their partner or someone important. The proportion of partner violence during the current pregnancy among ever exposed to IPV was 44% (95% CI 40.6, 47.4). | IPV |
| Berhanie [90] | Ethiopia | Pregnant women | 954 | Cross-sectional | About 40.8% (95% CI 37.6, 43.9) had experienced IPV during their pregnancy period. More than two thirds (68.6%) of cases had been exposed to IPV. | IPV |
| Berestein et al. (2016) [93] | South Africa | Pregnant women | 632 | Cross-sectional | Found that 21% (95% CI 18.4, 24.3) of women reported experiencing ≥1 act of IPV in the past 12 months, including emotional 15% (95% CI (12.4, 18.1), physical 15% (95% CI 12.4, 18.1) and sexual violence 2% (95% CI 1.1, 3.6). Of those reporting any IPV (n = 132), 48% reported experiencing two or more types. Emotional and physical violence was most prevalent among women aged 18–24 years, while sexual violence was most commonly reported among women aged 25–29 years | IPV |
| Pengpid et al. (2016) [55] | 22 Countries (7-Africa) | Women aged 15–49 years | 16,979 | Cross-sectional | Cameroon 51.5%, Ivory Coast 30.2%, Madagascar 15.9%, Mauritius 6.7%, Namibia 21.5%, Nigeria 15.1%, South Africa 18.5%, Tunisia 6.4% | IPV |
| Finnoff et al. (2012) [56] | Rwanda | Women aged 15–49 years | 4066 | Cross-sectional | IPV: 37.1% (95% CI 35.6, 38.6), physical 33% (95% CI 31.5, 34.5), emotional 9.7% (95% CI 8.8, 10.7) and sexual 12.4% (95% CI 11.4, 13.5). | IPV |
| Sabri et al. (2019) [57] | Uganda | Women aged 15–49 years | 7933 | Cross-sectional | Recent IPV victimization was reported by 21.2% (95% CI 18.5, 20.1) of women. | IPV |
| Fawole et al. (2010) [58] | Nigeria | Ever married women | 820 | Cross-sectional | Lifetime prevalence of perpetration of physical abuse was 25.1% (95% CI 22.2, 28.3), while psychological violence was 44.4% (95% CI 40.9, 47.8). Two hundred and forty 29.3% (95% CI, 26.2, 32.5) had ever perpetrated sexual violence. | IPV |
| Agrdah et al. (2012) [59] | Uganda | Students | 980 | Cross-sectional | Overall: 10% (95% CI 8.2, 12.0) exposure to actual physical violence over the previous 12 months. | IPV |
| Perrin et al. (2012) [60] | Somalia | Women aged 15–49 years | 2376 | Cross-sectional | Among women, 35.6% (95% CI 33.4, 37.9) reported adult lifetime experiences of physical or sexual IPV and 16.5% (95% CI 15.1, 18.1) reported adult lifetime experience of physical or sexual non-partner violence. | IPV and Non- IPV |
| Chikhungu et al. (2019) [94] | Malawi | Women aged 15–49 years | 24,562 | Cross-sectional | Found that 42% (95% CI 41.4, 42.6) of ever-married women have experienced some form of violence perpetrated by their current or most recent spouse. | IPV |
| Wandera et al. (2015) [61] | Uganda | Women aged 15–49 years | 1307 | Cross-sectional | More than a quarter (27%) (95% CI 24.6, 29.3) of women who were in a union in Uganda reported sexual IPV. | IPV |
| Hatcher et al. (2019) [62] | South Africa | Women aged 15–49 years | 2006 | Cross-sectional | Currently partnered men, nearly half (48.4%) (95% CI 46.2, 50.6) perpetrated IPV. | IPV |
| Oumeora (2017) [63] | Nigeria | Women aged 15–49 years | 500 | Cross-sectional | Found that 13.6% (95% CI 10.8, 16.9) of the women had experienced domestic violence in the current pregnancy. | IPV |
| Schneider et al. (2010) [86] | South Africa | Women aged 15–49 years | 425 | Cohort | Found that 13.9% (95% CI 10.8, 17.6) reported IPV at baseline, with physical IPV being the most frequently reported (69.5%). | IPV |
| Tchokossa et al. (2018) [95] | Nigeria | Women aged 15–49 years | 400 | Cross-sectional | Findings showed that 55% (95% CI 49.9, 59.9) of the women have experienced at least one form of violence in their relationship but only 28% of the women who experienced IPV reported the act while 63.7% of those who did not report kept silent because they hoped their partner would change. | IPV |
| Stockl et al. (2010) [96] | Tanzania | Women aged 15–49 years | 1503 | Cross-sectional | Overall physical PV was 9.3% (95% CI 8.3, 10.6) during pregnancy. Seven (n = 88) and twelve per cent (n = 147) of ever-partnered, ever-pregnant women in Dares Salaam (n = 1298) and Mbeya (n = 1205), respectively, reported being physically assaulted during pregnancy by their partner. | IPV |
| Mahenge et al. (2016) [65] | Tanzania | Pregnant women | 500 | Cross-sectional | Overall 18.8% (95% CI 15.5, 22.6) experienced some physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy. Forty-one women (9%) reported having experienced some physical and/or sexual violence at one to nine months postpartum. | IPV |
| Selin et al. (2019) [87] | South Africa | Adolescent girls and young women | 2533 | Cohort | The prevalence of IPV was nearly one quarter (19.5%) (95% CI 18.0, 21.2) of adolescent girls and young girls (AGYW) experienced any IPV ever (physical or sexual) by a partner. The prevalence of any IPV ever among AGYW aged 13 years to 14 years, 15 years to 16 years, and 17 years to 20 years was 10.8%, 17.7%, and 32.1%, respectively. | IPV |
| Ezeanochie, et al. (2010) [66] | Nigeria | HIV-seropositive pregnant women | 305 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of IPV among the women was 32.5% (95% CI 27.5, 38.0), with psychological violence being the most common form of violence reported 27.5% (95% CI 22.7, 32.8) and physical violence the least reported 5.9% (95% CI 3.6, 9.3). | IPV |
| Prabhu, et al. (2011) [97] | Tanzania | women attending VCT | 2436 | Cross-sectional | Overall 17.7% (95% CI 16.2, 19.3) reported IPV during their lifetime. | IPV |
| Fawole et al. (2014) [71] | Nigeria | Female sex worker | 305 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of VAW preceding the survey was 52.5% (95% CI 46.7, 58.2). Sexual violence was the most common type (41.9 %) (95% CI 36.4, 47.7)) of violence experienced, followed by physical violence (35.7%) (95% CI 30.4, 41.3) and psychological (31.9%) (95% CI 26.7, 37.1). | IPV |
| Addo et al.(2017) [98] | Ghana | Women aged 15–49 years | 2000 | Cross-sectional | About 34% (95% CI 29.3, 39.2) of respondents had experienced IPV in the past year, with 11.8% (95% CI 8.4, 16.4), 15.5% (95% CI 12.7, 18.7), and 24.6% (95% CI 0.5, 29.2) reported sexual, physical and emotional respectively. Past year experience of emotional and economic IPV were 24.6% and 7.4% respectively. Where lifetime experience was 50.9% (95% CI 46.0, 55.9), physical 32.2% (95% CI 28.3, 36.2), sexual 18.2 (95% CI 15.3, 22.7) and emotional IPV 34.5% (95% CI 29.7, 39.0). | IPV |
| Chen et al. (2017) [72] | Tanzania | Women aged 15–49 years | 5371 | Cross-sectional | In the past 12 months, there was 35% (95% CI 33.7, 36.3) that reported victimization among the study respondents. | IPV |
| Memiah et al. (2018) [99] | Kenya | Women aged 15–49 years | 3028 | Cross-sectional | Lifetime prevalence was 49.4% (95% CI 47.6, 51.1), (p < 0.001). | IPV |
| Schwitter et al. (2014) [73] | Uganda | Female sex workers | 1467 | Cross-sectional | Found that 82% (95 % CI 79, 84) experienced client-initiated GBV and 49% (95 % CI 47, 53) had been raped at least once in their lifetime. Physical violence 40% (95% CI 37, 43), verbal 45% (95% CI 42, 49), and sexual 50% (95% CI 46, 53). | IPV |
| Tusiime, et al. (2015) [74] | Uganda | Young pregnant women | 416 | Cross-sectional | Prevalence of sexual coercion was 24% (95 % 20.0, 28.6) and was higher among those who had non-consensual sexual first time experiences (29.0%) compared with those who had consensual sexual first time experiences (22.6%). | IPV |
| Onoh, et al. (2013) [75] | Nigeria | Pregnant women | 321 | Cross-sectional | Found that, 44.6% (95% CI 39.5, 50.6) reported having been abused in pregnancy. | IPV |
| Falb, et al. (2014) [88] | Côte d’Ivoir | Women aged 15–49 years | 981 | Cohort | Half (49.8%) (95% CI 46.6, 53.1) of all women reported lifetime physical or sexual IPV, and nearly 1 in 5 (18.6%) reported experiencing reproductive coercion. | IPV |
| Mutagom et al. (2019) [80] | Rwanda | Female sex workers | 1978 | Cross-sectional | A high proportion of female sex workers (FSW’s) were physically abused multiple times 42.6% (95% CI 40.2, 44.8). During sex work, 35.6% faced physical violence, and 14.8% faced this physical violence many times. Physical violence happened in the last month preceding the survey in 25.4% FSW’s; it occurred in the last 12 months in 49.7% FSWs. When asked about the last time FSWs faced physical violence, most (63.1%) of the perpetrators were clients; however, in 12.5% of (95% CI 11, 14) cases, the perpetrator was a member of law enforcement. A large proportion 18.3% (95% CI 14.6, 17.9) had been sexually abused outside of the family circle. | IPV and non- IPV |
| Bamiwoy et al. (2014) [81] | Multicounty | Women aged 15–49 years | 38,426 | Cross-sectional | The overall prevalence of any form of violence (physical, sexual or emotional) ranged from 30.5% in Nigeria to 43.4% in Zimbabwe; 45.3% in Kenya; 45.5% in Mozambique; 53.9% in Zambia and 57.6% in Cameroon | IPV |
| Yenealem et al. (2019) [100] | Ethiopia | Healthcare workers | 531 | Cross-sectional | The prevalence of workplace violence was found to be 58.2% (95% CI, 53.7, 62.3) in which verbal abuse 53.1% (95% CI 48.7, 57.4) followed by physical attacks 22.0% (95% CI 18.6, 25.6) and 7.2% (95% CI 5.1, 9.8) sexual harassment. Females are most exposed in all forms of workplace violence: verbal abuse 161 (57.1%), physical attack 69 (59.0%) and sexual harassment 38 (100%) when compared with men. | IPV |
| Hendricks et al. (2018) [85] | Tanzania | Female sex workers | 496 | Cross-sectional | Overall 40% (95% CI 35.6, 44.4) of participants experienced recent physical or sexual violence, and 30% recently experienced severe physical or sexual violence. | IPV |
| Garcia- et al. (2013) [4] | Global (56 countries) | Women aged 15–49 years | 11,594 | Cross-sectional | Lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV among ever-partnered women by WHO region (African region)—36.6(95% CI 32.7, 40.5); lifetime prevalence of non-partner sexual violence by WHO region—8.5% (95% CI 15.3%, 45.6) proportion of women reporting IPV and/or non-partner sexual violence. | IPV and non- IPV |