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. 2020 Feb 3;21(3):1006. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031006

Table A1.

Pharmacological effects and activities of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson.

Pharmacological Effects Tested Substance Active Dose/Concentration Study Types References
Memory and learning enhancement Osthole 30, 15 and 5 ng via intracranial injection In vivo [38]
Memory and learning enhancement Osthole 40 mg/kg for 12 days via oral gavage In vivo [39]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 40 mg/kg for 15 days via oral gavage In vivo [40]
Memory and learning enhancement Osthole 40 mg/kg for 17 days via oral gavage In vivo [41]
Memory and learning enhancement Osthole 12.5 and 25 mg/kg via intracranial injection In vivo [42]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 40 mg/kg for 15 days via oral gavage In vivo [44]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 50 and 100 μmol/L In vitro [45]
Memory and learning enhancement Osthole 0.1 and 0.5 μmol/L In vivo [46]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 10 50 and 100 μmol/L In vitro [47]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 10, 50 and 100 μmol/L In vivo [48]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 100 μmol/L In vivo [49]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L In vitro [50]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L In vivo [51]
Neuro protective effect Osthole 100 μmol/L via abdominal injection In vivo [52]
Brain hemorrhage protective effect Osthole 15 mg/10 g via abdominal injection In vivo [53]
Anti-epilepsy effect Osthole 50 mg/kg for 10 days via gavage In vivo [54]
Anti-epilepsy effect Osthole 50 mg/kg for 10 days via gavage In vivo [55]
Anti-epilepsy effect Osthole 50 mg/kg for 10 days via gavage In vivo [56]
Anti-epilepsy effect Osthole 1, 10, 100 mmol/L In vitro [57]
Hypnotic and sedative effect Alcohol extract of CMC 62.5 mg/kg for 3 days via gavage In vivo [58]
Hypnotic and sedative effect 65% and 95% alcohol extract of CMC 62.5 mg/kg for 3 days via gavage In vivo [59]
Hypnotic and sedative effect Hypnotic active component of CMC 130, 260, and 520 mg/kg twice a day for 16 days via gavage In vivo [60]
Hypnotic effect Total coumarin, osthole, imperatorin, isopimpinellin, and bergapten 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 3 days via gavage In vivo [61]
Hypnotic effect Osthole 25 mg/kg/day, 7 days via abdominal injection In vivo [62]
Hypnotic effect Osthole 40, 80, 160 mg/kg for 6 days via gavage In vivo [63]
Anxiolytic effect Osthole 1.75 3.5 7.00 and 14 mg/kg via oral administration for 6 days In vivo [64]
Anti-asthmatic effect Osthole 25 50 and 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration In vivo [65]
Anti-asthmatic effect Osthole 10 and 50 mg.kg via abdominal injection In vivo [66]
Anti-asthmatic effect Osthole 0.1, 1, and 10 μm In vitro [67]
Anti-asthmatic effect Osthole 10 and 40 mg.kg via abdominal injection In vivo [68]
Anti-allergic effect Osthole 150, 300, and 450 ng/mL In vitro [69]
Anti-allergic effect Osthole 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/mL In vivo [70]
Anti-allergic effect Osthole with voucher number (CM-99001) 200 and 500 mg/kg via oral administration In vivo [71]
Anti-allergic effect Osthole 150 and 300 ng/mL In vitro [72]
Anti-allergic effect Methanol extract of CMC 100 μg/mL In vitro [73]
Anti-atherosclerosis effect Osthole 10 and 30 mg.kg for 16 days In vivo [74]
Anti-atherosclerosis effect Osthole 10 and 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg.kg via oral gavage In vivo [75]
Anti-atherosclerosis effect Osthole 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μmol/L In vitro [76]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Imperatorin N/A Computational analysis [77]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Total coumarins 20 mg/kg via oral gavage In vivo [78]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 50 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [79]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 25 mg/kg via femur vein injection In vivo [80]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 25 mg/kg via internal jugular vein In vivo [81]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 10, 20 mg/kg for 28 days via oral gavage In vivo [82]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 10, 20 mg/kg for 28 days via oral gavage In vivo [83]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μmol/L In vivo [84]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 100, 200, 300 μmol/L In vitro [85]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 200 μmol/L In vitro [86]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 10−9 to 10−5 M In vitro [87]
Anti-cardiovascular diseases Osthole 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 25 μg/mL In vitro [88]
Anti-hypertension effect Imperatorin, xanthotoxol, and other Imperatorin derivatives 0.1 µM to 0.1 mM In vitro [89]
Anti-hypertension effect Imperatorin 3, 10, 30 μM,
6.25–25 mg/kg per day		 In vivo+ In vitro [90]
Anti-hypertension effect Osthole 0.05% osthol to the control diet by weight In vivo [91]
Anti-hypertension effect Imperatorin isolated from CMC with patent number ZL200610042997.2 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg per day, for 10 weeks via oral gavage In vivo [92]
Anti-hypertension effect Imperatorin with patent number ZL2006100042997.2 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg per day, for 13 weeks In vivo [93]
Anti-hypertension effect Imperatorin with patent number ZL2006100042997.2 1–100 μM In vitro [94]
Anti-hypertension effect Osthole 10, 30, 60, 100 mmol/L In vitro [95]
Anti-organ ischemia effect Osthole 40 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [96]
Anti-organ ischemia effect Osthole 5, 10, 20 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [97]
Renal ischemia-reperfusion Osthole 40 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [98]
Retina ischemia-reperfusion Osthole 20, 40, 80 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [99]
Anti-organ ischemia effect Osthole 5, 25 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [100]
Anti-organ ischemia effect Osthole 10 and 50 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection In vivo [101]
Anti-organ ischemia effect Osthole 25 mg/kg via femur vein drip In vivo [102]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [103]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg for 14 days via intraperitoneal injection In vivo [104]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection In vivo+ In vitro [105]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection In vivo [106]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 12.5 and 25 mg/kg for 14 days via intraperitoneal injection In vivo [107]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 5 and 10 mg/kg via sublingual vein injection In vivo [108]
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity Osthole 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection In vivo [109]
Anti-thrombosis effect Osthole 10, 20, 40 mg/kg/day for 7 days via intragastric administration In vivo [110]
Anti-coagulation effect Osthole 0.95–3.78 mg/mL In vitro [111]
Analgesic effect Osthole 1 mg via epidural injection In vivo [112]
Analgesic effect Osthole 1 mg via epidural injection In vivo [113]
Analgesic effect Osthole 1 mg via epidural injection In vivo [114]
Analgesic effect Osthole 0.2, 0.5, and 1 g/mL In vitro [115]
Analgesic effect Osthole 20 g/L and 50 g/L In vitro [116]
Anti-fatty liver effect Osthole 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 6 weeks via gavage In vivo [117]
Anti-fatty liver effect Osthole 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 6 weeks via gavage In vivo [118]
Anti-fatty liver effect Osthole 0.1 mL/10 g body weight per day for 4 weeks via gavage In vivo [119]
Anti-fatty liver effect Osthole 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L In vitro [120]
Anti-fatty liver effect Osthole 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 4 weeks via oral administration In vivo [121]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 50 mg/kg via oral administration for 7 days In vivo [122]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 10 and 30 mg/kg In vivo [123]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg via abdominal injection In vivo [124]
Anti-inflammatory effect Cnidium Lactone Micro 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL In vivo [125]
Anti-inflammatory effect Peroxyauraptenol, auraptenol Peroxyauraptenol:10 μM
Auraptenol:100 μM		 In vitro [126]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 40 mg/kg for 4 days via gavage In vivo [127]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 100, 200 mg/kg twice a day with 12 h interval via abdominal injection In vivo [128]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 4, 7, and 10 μg/mL In vitro [129]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 12.5-100 μmol/L In vitro [130]
Anti-inflammatory effect Osthole 10 μg/mL In vitro [131]
Anti-inflammatory effect 17 Chemical compounds isolated from CMC with voucher number (CM-201010) IC50 ≤ 7.31 μg/mL for 3′-O-methylmurraol, murraol, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, cnidimol A,
IC50 ≤ 7.83 μg/mL for osthenol, peroxyauraptenol, demethylauraptenol, bergapten, cnidimol A		 In vitro [132]
Anti-fatigue effect Osthole obtains in the Japanese formula which contains CMC and other 14 herbs 10 mL/kg via oral administration In vitro [133]
Anti-fatigue effect CMC 0.75, 1.5, 4.5 g/kg In vivo [134]
Anti-oxidant effect Osthole O2−: 0.5 mL; OH: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mL; Diphenyl-tert amine-based radical: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mL In vitro [135]
Anti-bacterial effect CMC ethanol extract 250 mg/mL In vitro [136]
Anti-bacterial effect Osthole Osthole (IC50 = 34 µM),
Imperatorin (IC50 = 28µM)		 In vitro [137]
Anti-bacterial effect CMC extract MIC: 65.2-125 μg/mL In vitro [138]
Anti-bacterial effect CMC extract 60 mg/mL In vitro [139]
Anti-bacterial effect CMC extract 5 g/mL In vivo+ In vitro [140]
Anti-bacterial effect CMC
(CBNU201012-CM)		 300 mg/kg per day for 5 days via oral gavage In vivo+ In vitro [141]
Anti-HIV effect Osthole IC50: 1.6 μM In vitro [142]
Anti-fungal effect CMC Average MIC: 12.5 g/L In vitro [143]
Anti-fungal effect Osthole and Fluconazole 4-16 μg/mL In vitro [144]
Anti-fungal effect Osthole 0.5 g In vitro [146]
Anthelmintic effect Osthole 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks via oral administration In vivo+ In vitro [147]
Anthelmintic effect Osthole 10 mg/mL In vitro [148]
Anthelmintic effect Osthole and Imperatorin 50 mg/L In vivo [149]
Anthelmintic effect Osthole 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 mg/mL In vitro [150]
Anthelmintic effect Osthole IC50 1.345 mg/mL In vitro [151]
Anti-diabetic diseases Osthole 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection In vivo [152]
Anti-diabetic diseases Osthole 1, 10, and 50 mg/kg In vitro [153]
Anti-diabetic diseases Osthole 0.5, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L In vitro [154]
Anti-diabetic diseases Osthole 100 μmol/L In vitro [155]
Anti-diabetic diseases Osthole 0-200 μM In vitro [156]
Stimulate Thyroid function effect Osthole and total courmarins 1 mL/d for 15 days via intragastric administration In vivo [157]
Estrogen-like effect Osthole 0.75, 1.50, 3.00, 6.00, 12.00, 24.00 mg/kg for 10 days via abdominal injection In vivo [158]
Anti-hypertrophic scar effect Osthole 10–32 μmol/L In vitro [159]
Anti-hypertrophic scar effect Osthole 1.25 × 104 mol/L In vitro [160]
Anti-fibrosis effect Osthole 5–50 μmol/L In vitro [161]
Anti-psoriasis effect Osthole 1.8 × 10−4 mol/L In vitro [161]
Anti-psoriasis effect CMC with voucher number (PSO05) IC50: 114.6 μg/mL In vitro [163]
Anti-atopic dermatitis effect Osthole 1.0 and 5.0 mg/mL In vivo [164]
Anti-atopic dermatitis effect Osthole 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg In vivo [165]
Anti-atopic dermatitis effect Osthole from Osthole microemulsion 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL In vivo [166]
Anti-pruritic effect CMC 0.1 mL/100 g In vivo [167]
Anti-pruritic effect Osthole, Imperatorin, and Isopimpinellin 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg via oral administration In vivo [168]
Anti-osteoporosis effect 6 total coumarins (osthole, imperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin, xanthotoxol) 5 g/kg, 6 times per week In vivo [169]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Total coumarins 2.5 mL/kg, 8 weeks via oral gavage In vivo [170]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Imperatorin and Osthole Imperatorin: 0.1 μmol/L,
Osthole: 10 μmol/L		 In vitro [171]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 6.7 mg/kg, 6 times per week for 12 weeks In vivo [172]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 200 mg/kg for 5 weeks via oral gavage In vivo [173]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 20 mg/kg via local injection In vivo [174]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 20 mg/kg for 7 days via oral gavage In vivo+ In vitro [175]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10−8 mol/L for 48 h and 72 h In vitro [175]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 1 × 10−1, 1 × 10−2, 1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−4 mol/l. In vitro [176]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 1 × 10−4, 1 × 10−5, 1 × 10−6, 1 × 10−7 mol/L. In vitro [177]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μmol/L In vitro [178]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Bone-targeted osthole 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7 mmol/L In vitro [179]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 100, 50, 25 μmol/L In vitro [180]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 1 × 10−5 mol/L In vitro [181]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 10−5 mol/L In vitro [182]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Bone-targeted Osthole 10−5 mol/L In vitro [183]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 10−7, 10−6, 10−5, and 10−4 mol/L In vitro [184]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Gushudan, a chinese herbal formula with CMC 30 g/kg per day for 12 weeks via oral administration In vivo [185]
Bone fracture healing effect Osthole 20 mg/kg for 1, 2, 3 weeks among 3 groups via oral gavage In vivo+ In vitro [186]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Total flavonoids 5 mL/kg per day for 90 days In vivo [187]
Anti-osteoporosis effect Osthole 10 mg/kg per day for 5 days via subcutaneous injection In vivo [188]
Anti-periodontitis effect Osthole 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, and 10−7 m/L for 3 days In vivo+ In vitro [189]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mmol/L In vitro [190]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 μM In vitro [191]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 20, 80, and 160 μM for 14 days intraperitoneal injection In vivo+ In vitro [192]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 μg/mL In vitro [193]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM for 24, 48, and 72 h In vitro [194]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 2.5 μg/g/day for 4 weeks via intragastric administration In vivo [195]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μmol/mL for 24 h In vitro [196]
Anti-cancer effect CMC extract 120-200 μg/mL In vitro [197]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol/kg once every other day for 2 weeks via intraperitoneal administration In vivo [198]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 61, 122 and 244 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration for 2 weeks In vivo+ In vitro [199]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole derivative NBM-T-BMX-OS01 20 mg/kg/day for 10 days via intraperitoneal injection In vivo+ In vitro [200]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L In vitro [201]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μmol/L In vitro [202]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL In vitro [203]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole, imperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, and xanthotoxin HL-60:
IC50 of osthole: 14.9 μg/mL,
IC50 of imperatorin: 18.8 μg/mL.
P-388:
IC50 of osthole: 9.3 μg/mL,
IC50 of imperatorin: 20.2 μg/mL.		 In vitro [204]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 μmol/L for 24 and 48 h In vitro [205]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 20 μmol/L In vitro [206]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L In vitro [207]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μmol/L In vitro [208]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 20 μmol/L In vitro [209]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 μg/mL In vitro [210]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 50 μmol/L In vitro [211]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μmol/L In vitro [212]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 1.5 µg/(g·10 µL) every other day for 7 times via abdominal injection In vivo+ In vitro [213]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL In vitro [214]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μmol/L In vitro [215]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 10 μg/mL In vitro [216]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 20, 40, 80 μg/mL In vitro [217]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 20, 40, 80 mol/L In vitro [218]
Anti-cancer effect Bergapten, Xanthotoxin, Isopimpinellin, Columbianetin, Columbianadin, Edultin, Cniforin, Cniforin B, and Archangelicin 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally daily for 20 days In vivo+ In vitro [219]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 10, 25, and 50 μmol/L In vitro [220]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 10, 25, and 50 μM In vitro [221]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 5, 50, 100 μmol/L In vitro [222]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 160 μmol/L In vitro [223]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 50 μmol/L In vitro [224]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 40, 80, 120, and 160 μmol/L In vitro [225]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole For lung adenocarcinoma cell inhibition IC50 81.3 μg/L,
For liver cancer cell inhibition IC50 134.8 μg/L,		 In vitro [226]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 50, 100, and 200 μM In vitro [227]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 1, 10, and 30 μM In vitro [228]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration In vivo [229]
Anti-cancer effect Osthole 0, 50, 100, and 150 μM In vitro [230]
Anti-hepatotoxicity effect Osthole 10 mg/kg via gavage twice per day for 4 weeks,
1, 3, and 10 μg/mL		 In vivo+ In vitro [231]
Anti-cardiotoxicity effect Osthole 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg per day for 16 days via intraperitoneal administration In vivo [232]
Anti-neurotoxicity effect Osthole 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mmol/L In vitro [233]
Anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Osthole 1, 10, and 50 μmol/L In vivo [234]
Anti- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis effect Osthole 30 mg/kg per day for 7 days and 28 days via intraperitoneal injection In vivo [235]