Table 3.
Bioactive compounds from vegetables processing wastes and by-products.
| Vegetable | Type of Waste | Bioactive Compounds | Bioactivity | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class | Concentration (mg/kg *) |
Major Compounds | ||||
| Potato | Pulp and peel | Carbohydrate | n.a. ** | Pectin | Dietary fibre, anti-obesity, hypo-cholesterolemic. |
[106] |
| Peel | Phenolic acids | 1839–9130 | Chlorogenic acid Caffeic acid |
Antioxidant, anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory. |
[107,108] | |
| Glycoalkaloid | 639–3580 | α-Chaconine α-Solanine |
Anti-carcinogenic (induced apoptosis in cancer cells) | |||
| Peel | Carotenoids | 205.6 | β-Carotene α-Carotene Lycopene Lutein |
Antioxidant, prevention of age-related macular eye disease, pro-vitamin A. |
[109,110] | |
| Carrot | Discarded carrots | Carotenoids | 1384 | β-Carotene α-Carotene Lutein |
||
| Tocopherol | 71 | γ-Tocopherol | ||||
| Carbohydrate | n.a. | Pectin | Dietary fibre Anti-obesity Hypo-cholesterolemic |
|||
| Beetroot | Pomace | Phenolic acids | 1513 | Ferulic acid Vanillic acid Caffeic acid Protocatechuic acid p-Hydroxy-benzoic acid |
Antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity. |
[111] |
| Flavonoids | 386 | Catechin epicatechin, rutin | ||||
| Betalains | 558.8 | Betacyanins (betanin and isobetanin) Betaxanthins (vulgaxanthin I) |
||||
| Aerial parts (stems and leaves) | Phenolic compounds | 99 mg GAE/g *** | (not identified) | Antioxidant. | [112] | |
| Broccoli | Industrial residues: stalks and florets | Phenolic acids | 74.6 (Stalks) 193.8 (Florets) |
Chlorogenic acid Neochlorogenic acid Sinapic acid |
Antioxidant, prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other age-related diseases. | [113] |
| Flavonoids | n.d. (Stalks) 56.6 (Florets) |
Kaempferol Quercetin | ||||
| Glucosinolates | 1836.6 (Stalks) 5775.6 (Florets) |
Glucoiberin Glucoerucin Glucoraphanin Gluconapin Glucoalyssin Glucobrassicin Neoglucobrassin |
||||
| Agricultural waste: leaves | Glucosinolates | 1332–1594 | Glucoiberin Glucoraphanin Gluconasturtiin Glucobrassicin 4-Methoxy-glucobrassicin Neoglucobrassin |
Chemo-preventive effect. | [114] | |
| Cauliflower | Stems and leaves | Phenolic acids | n.a. | Ferulic acid Sinapic acid | Antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-obesity. |
[115] |
| Flavonoids | n.a. | Kaempferol Quercetin glycosides | ||||
| Isothiocyanate | n.a. | Chemo-preventive | [116] | |||
| Proteins | n.a. | Bioactive peptides from protein hydrolysate | Anti-hypertensive (ACE inhibition). | [117] | ||
* Values are expressed as mg/kg of dry weight. ** n.a. concentration data not available in literature. *** Total phenolic content expressed as mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g of extract.