Figure 2.

Effects of pretreatment with spice-derived phytochemicals on the survival rates of zebrafish larvae exposed to H₂O₂. (A) Survival assays using 10 phytochemicals at 4 concentrations. Larvae (3.5 dpf) were pretreated with the indicated phytochemicals at concentrations of 0 µM (gray, dotted), 1 µM (dark blue), 5 µM (green), 25 µM (red) or 125 µM (purple). After pretreatment for 12 h, the solution was changed to 2.8 mM H₂O₂ and survival was measured every 12 h for 48 h. Each analysis was performed in triplicate, and the experiments were repeated multiple times. (B) Optimization of the concentration of phytochemicals. Larvae (3.5 dpf) were pretreated with curcumin (0 (gray, dotted), 0.5 (light blue), 1 (dark blue), 2 μM (dark green)), diallyl trisulfide (0 (gray, dotted), 12.5 (orange), 25 (red), 50 μM (pink)) or quercetin (0 (gray, dotted), 12.5 (orange), 25 (red), 50 μM (pink)) at the indicated concentrations. All survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed by log-rank test; p values of < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Asterisks denote toxic effects of the indicated phytochemicals. N.S. indicates not significant.