Table 5.
Chromium-induced ultra-structure variation in numerous plant species. Epi-C-wax (epicuticular wax), TRICH (trichome), CW (cell wall), MITO (mitochondria), CM (cell membrane), THY (thylakoid), THY-O (thylakoid orientation), PG (plastoglobuli), SG (starch grains), GB (Golgi bodies), ER (endoplasmic reticulum), CHLP (chloroplast), I-cristae (interior- Cristae), T-nuclei (tubular nuclei), T-stroma (translucent stroma), ML (middle lamella), NM (nuclear membrane), and PT (Plant tissue used).
| Plant Species | Common Names | PT | Effect | Cr-Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycine max | Soybean | L | Loss of Epi-C-wax increased TRICH-number | Cr(VI)/(III) | [22] |
| Brassica napus | Oilseed rape | L & R | Alteration in CW, MITO, CM, THY, PG, SG, GB, ER, Irregular nucleus, THY disappeared, Increased SG number/size. | Cr(VI) | [41,42,120,134] |
|
Triticum aestivum
Hordeum vulgare |
Wheat & Barley | L | Damaged CHLP, THY; Increased PG, Swollen MITO; altered I-cristae | Cr(VI) | [59] |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Tobacco | L & R | CW/CM not distinguishable, Disarranged CHLP structure, Undeveloped nucleus, damaged NM, Swelled/distorted THY, Damaged CHLP, MITO, Altered THY-O, Increased PG, Large SG | Cr(VI) | [122,123] |
| Oryza sativa | Rice | L | Swollen CHLP, grana/stroma/lamellae, Reduced grana/CHLP, Increased SG, Matrix zone expanded. | Cr(VI) | [35,135] |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Arabidopsis | R | T-nuclei, GB disintegrated, spherical MITO, plastids; T-stroma; damaged MIOT, plastids; increased SG, amorphous material deposition in CW, ML, vacuoles, collapsed vacuoles, cytoplasm contained opaque lipid, | Cr(VI) | [23,47,136] |
| Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | L | Damaged THY, MITO, CHLP (structure/distribution), grana | Cr(VI) | [137] |
| Salvinia minima | Floating Fern | L | Damaged CHLP, grana, THY, increased number/size of SG; large PG | Cr(VI) | [96] |
| Taraxacum officinale | Dandelion | C | Altered MITO with no/reduced I-cristae | Cr(VI) | [138] |
| Hordeum vulgare | Barley | L & R | Swollen CHLP, increased PG, Disintegrated/disappeared THY, MITO, Increased SG size/number, Increased vacuolar size, Cr-presence in CW, Vacuoles, Nucleus disruption/disappearance | Cr(VI) | [139] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Tomatoes | P | Abnormal shaped reduced grana/CHLP; altered THY, MITO; reduced cristae numbers | Cr(III) | [140] |
| Potamogeton crispus | Curled Pondweed | L | Swollen CHLP, CHLP- envelop breakage, decreasing cristae, MITO vacuolization | Cr(VI) | [141] |