Table 6.

Chromium-induced alteration in photosynthesis and photosynthetic apparatus in various plant species. Chl a (Chlorophyll a), Chl b (Chlorophyll b), Chl t (total chlorophyll), Chl f (chlorophyll fluorescence), Trmmol (transpiration rate), Cond (stomatal conductance), photo (photosynthetic rate), PSII (photosystem II), Ci (intercellular CO₂), Φ_PSII (effective quantum of yield of photosystem II), qP (photochemical quenching), NPQ (non-photochemical quenching), P_N (net CO₂ assimilation rate), ETR (electron transportation rate), pigment (photosynthetic pigments).

Plant Species	Common Name	Alteration in Photosynthetic Parameters	Cr(VI)	References
Arabidopsis thaliana & Brassica juncea	Arabidopsis & Indian Mustard	Reduced chl a, b, and t Reduced chl a, Reduced Chl t, Carotenoids, and net photo, b, and t, Gas exchange	400 µM 100–300 µM & 100 mg/Kg	[8] & [58,88,89,157]
Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Reduced chl a, b, t, gas exchange, and carotenoid levels	Tannery effluent & 20 mg/kg	[26,158]
Citrus reticulate	Kinnow Mandarin	Decreased chl t, photosynthetic activity, Trmmol, Cond, and water use efficiency	0.75 mM	[87]
Cyperus alternifolius & Coix lacryma-jobi	Umbrella Palm & Adlay Millet	Inhibition in photosynthetic capacities	40 mg/L	[159]
Solanum melongena	Eggplant	Reduced pigments, photo, photochemistry of PSII	25 μM	[64]
Oryza sativa	Rice	Reduced Chl a, b, and carotenoids, Reduced Fv/Fm	80–200 µM	[34,35]
Zea mays	Maize	Reduced carotenoids, chl a, b, and t, Photo, Trmmol, Ci, Water use efficiency and intrinsic, Alteration in Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, Fm/F0, and qP	Tannery effluent & 150–250 μM	[29,147,160]
Amaranthus viridis & Amaranthus cruentus	Green & Blood Amaranth	Inhibition photochemistry of PSII	50 μM	[38]
Nicotiana tabacum	Tobacco	Reduced Chl a, b, carotenoids, photo, gas exchange, Fv/Fm fluorescence	50 μM	[122]
Sesbania grandiflora	Hummingbird Tree	Reduced Chl t	1.92 mM/Kg	[161]
Lactuca sativa	Lettuce	Decreased levels Chl a, ΦPSII, qp, NPQ, PN and RuBisCO activity	200 mg/L	[162]
Triticum aestivum	Wheat	Decline active reaction centers of PSII, ETR, and PSII heterogeneity	300 μM	[163]
Humulus scandens	Asian Hop	Decreased chl f parameters, chl t, and PSII reaction	300 mg/kg Cr(III)	[164]
Cucumis sativus	Cucumber	Decline in Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fm/F0, and Fv/F0	200 µM	[40]
Lemna minor	Duckweed	Decreased in Fv/Fm, chl b	6 mg/L	[165]
Pisum sativum	Pea	Decreased pigments and Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and qP, and NPQ increased	100 μM	[44]
Raphanus sativus, Solanum lycopersicum & Spinacia oleracea	Radish, Tomato & Spinach	Reduced photosynthetic activity and Chl t	100 mg/kg	[166]
Brassica napus	Rapeseed	Reduced chl t, and carotenoid	500 μM	[76]
Solanum lycopersicum & Solanum melongena	Tomato & Eggplant	Reduced pigments	7.5 ppm	[155]