Figure 1.

Mechanisms of chondrocytes dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Noncoding RNA and activation of necroptosis pathway, pyroptosis pathway, hedgehog signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription protein (JAK/STAT) cascade, AP-1 pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK-2) pathway, combined with enhanced aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) contribute to increased chondrocyte death, ECM degradation and inflammation.