. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030978

Table 1.

Distribution of sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics among dual users.

Variable	n (N = 2051)	Weighted Percent	Standard Error	X²	p-Value
Age
18–24	539	17.97	0.84	18.59	<0.001
25–34	494	26.74	1.00
35–44	399	22.03	1.12
45–55	325	16.32	0.92
55+	294	16.93	1.00
Gender
Male	1035	53.37	1.20	6.28	0.01
Female	1016	46.63	1.20	6.28	0.01
Race
Caucasian	1644	81.92	0.98	0.28	0.60
Black or Other	386	17.24	0.93
Sexual Orientation
LGBT+	208	9.15	0.69	6.73	0.08
Heterosexual	1823	89.74	0.77
Marital Status
Single	887	39.98	1.18	0.85	0.36
Married or other	1164	60.02	1.18	0.85	0.36
Education Level
Less than High School	300	13.39	0.74	19.18	<0.001
GED ^	243	11.67	0.82
High School Diploma	474	23.95	1.22
Any College	1019	50.28	1.53
Yearly Income
Missing	130	6.60	0.76	1.71	0.19
Below $25k	971	44.32	1.54
Above $25K	950	49.09	1.65
Residence Type
Missing	541	18.12	0.86	0.98	0.61
Single family home	987	53.75	1.38
Multi-family home or apartment	450	24.33	1.23
Something else	73	3.80	0.55
Own or Rent Home
Own	677	35.28	1.33	6.71	0.15
Rent	1005	47.92	1.43
Something else	351	15.87	0.91
Home Smoking Policy
Tobacco use prohibited at all times	1052	51.90	1.32	1.85	0.17
Any other policy	994	47.73	1.32	1.85	0.17
ENDS Device Most Frequently Used
Cartridge or disposable user	1171	58.14	1.41	25.48	<0.0001
Tank user	814	38.43	1.34	25.48	<0.0001
Use ENDS Because: they might be less harmful to people around me than cigarettes
Yes	1621	79.78	0.90	56.04	<0.0001
No	424	19.90	0.88	56.04	<0.0001
Use/used e-cigarettes because: They don’t smell
Yes	1439	71.38	1.04	43.80	<0.0001
No	607	28.37	1.04	43.80	<0.0001
Use/used e-cigarettes because: It comes/came in flavors I like/liked
Yes	1425	67.68	1.12	59.62	<0.0001
No	619	31.96	1.10	59.62	<0.0001
Using them helps people to quit smoking cigarettes
Yes	1423	69.85	1.25	26.93	<0.0001
No	624	29.95	1.24	26.93	<0.0001
Use/used e-cigarettes as an alternative to quitting tobacco altogether
Yes	1132	56.14	1.12	53.83	<0.0001
No	912	43.53	1.12	53.83	<0.0001
Use/used e-cigarettes as a way of cutting down on cigarette smoking
Yes	1416	70.09	1.07	115.65	<0.0001
No	633	29.85	1.06	115.65	<0.0001
Count of times over past 12 months, stopped using tobacco for one day or longer because trying to quit
0 times	1264	61.39	1.30	7.00	0.07
1 time	175	8.85	0.81
2–3 times	390	19.06	0.95
4+ times	222	10.70	0.73
Minutes after waking to first cigarette
less than 5 min	465	22.99	1.08	1.54	0.67
5–30 min	746	35.42	1.20
31–60 min	385	19.26	1.00
61+ min	443	21.69	1.21
Minutes after waking to first puff on ENDS
Missing	966	47.15	1.30	3.81	0.28
Less than 5 min	209	10.05	0.80
5–30 min	270	13.24	0.87
31–60 min	201	9.52	0.63
61+ min	405	20.04	0.91
Tobacco/ENDS Use
Nondaily (Both)	353	17.43	0.97	83.25	<0.0001
Nondaily Cigarette, Daily ENDS	198	9.67	0.74
Daily (Both)	183	9.46	0.66
Daily Cigarette, Nondaily ENDS	1317	63.44	1.32
Frequency of Daily ENDS Use (Regardless of Tobacco Use Frequency)
Nondaily ENDS	1670	80.87	0.96	82.84	<0.0001
Daily ENDS	381	19.13	0.96	82.84	<0.0001
Frequency of Daily Cigarette Use (Regardless of ENDS Use Frequency)
Nondaily Cigarette User	551	27.1	1.24	5.19	0.02
Daily Cigarette User	1500	72.9	1.24	5.19	0.02

* Missing values less than 5% of total population were excluded from Table 1 above. ^ General Education Diploma. In the United States, this corresponds to certification of academic skillsets equivalent to high school degree completion.