Table 2.
Logistic model predicting odds of past 30-Day ENDS use in smoke-free locations—main effects.
| Variable | Do Not Report Using ENDS in Smoke-Free Places | Report Using ENDS in Smoke-Free Places | Crude Model * | Adjusted Model ** | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 862 | n = 1189 | |||||||||||
| N = 2051 | n | % | SE | n | % | SE | Crude OR | 95% CI LB | 95% CI UB | Adj OR * | 95% CI LB | 95% CI UB |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 18–24 | 248 | 19.56 | 1.51 | 291 | 16.80 | 1.06 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| 25–34 | 196 | 26.09 | 1.52 | 298 | 27.22 | 1.26 | 1.19 | 0.87 | 1.63 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 1.53 |
| 35–44 | 150 | 20.09 | 1.54 | 249 | 23.46 | 1.52 | 1.33 | 0.96 | 1.84 | 1.21 | 0.85 | 1.72 |
| 45–55 | 121 | 14.43 | 1.05 | 204 | 17.72 | 1.24 | 1.49 | 1.06 | 2.10 | 1.33 | 0.94 | 1.89 |
| 55+ | 147 | 19.82 | 1.61 | 147 | 14.79 | 1.23 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 1.10 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 1.00 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 463 | 56.87 | 1.82 | 572 | 50.79 | 1.68 | 0.75 * | 0.61 * | 0.91 * | 0.76 * | 0.62 * | 0.93 * |
| Female | 399 | 43.13 | 1.82 | 617 | 49.21 | 1.68 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| White alone | 687 | 80.20 | 1.60 | 957 | 83.18 | 1.34 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Black or other alone | 167 | 18.97 | 1.60 | 219 | 15.96 | 1.29 | 0.79 | 0.57 | 1.09 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 1.07 |
| Sexual Orientation | ||||||||||||
| LGBT + | 75 | 7.48 | 0.97 | 133 | 10.38 | 0.95 | 1.49 * | 1.01 * | 2.20 * | 1.37 | 0.93 | 2.02 |
| Heterosexual | 779 | 91.53 | 1.04 | 1044 | 88.42 | 1.05 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Single | 383 | 41.22 | 1.88 | 504 | 39.07 | 1.63 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Married or other | 479 | 58.78 | 1.88 | 685 | 60.93 | 1.63 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 1.31 | 1.03 | 0.77 | 1.38 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Less than High School | 140 | 14.53 | 1.25 | 160 | 12.56 | 0.92 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| GED | 90 | 9.79 | 1.11 | 153 | 13.06 | 1.13 | 1.83 * | 1.16 * | 2.90 * | 1.76 * | 1.09 * | 2.85 * |
| High School Diploma | 231 | 28.32 | 1.99 | 243 | 20.72 | 1.40 | 0.94 | 0.64 | 1.38 | 0.93 | 0.63 | 1.37 |
| Any College | 392 | 46.57 | 2.11 | 627 | 53.02 | 1.75 | 1.42 * | 1.06 * | 1.90 * | 1.38 * | 1.02 * | 1.88 * |
| Yearly Income | ||||||||||||
| Below $25k | 419 | 45.64 | 2.23 | 552 | 43.34 | 1.79 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 1.17 | 0.97 | 0.77 | 1.22 |
| Above $25K | 382 | 47.23 | 2.22 | 568 | 50.45 | 1.98 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Residence Type | ||||||||||||
| Missing | 250 | 19.90 | 1.58 | 291 | 16.80 | 1.06 | ||||||
| Single family home | 392 | 51.18 | 1.96 | 595 | 55.65 | 1.77 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Multi-family home or apartment complex | 191 | 25.10 | 1.63 | 259 | 23.76 | 1.53 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 0.70 | 1.13 |
| Something else | 29 | 3.83 | 0.82 | 44 | 3.79 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.51 | 1.44 | 0.95 | 0.53 | 1.72 |
| Own or Rent Home | ||||||||||||
| Own | 302 | 37.36 | 2.18 | 375 | 33.75 | 1.50 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Rent | 413 | 46.42 | 2.13 | 592 | 49.03 | 1.60 | 1.17 | 0.93 | 1.47 | 1.25 | 0.96 | 1.62 |
| None of the Above | 136 | 14.88 | 1.33 | 215 | 16.60 | 1.19 | 0.29 | 0.93 | 1.80 | 1.39 | 0.97 | 2.00 |
| Home Smoking Policy | ||||||||||||
| Tobacco use prohibited at all times | 426 | 50.53 | 1.99 | 626 | 52.91 | 1.78 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Any other policy | 432 | 48.84 | 1.99 | 562 | 46.91 | 1.77 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 1.17 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 1.36 |
| Device Preference and ENDS Use Rationale | ||||||||||||
| ENDS Device Most Frequently Used | ||||||||||||
| Cartridge or disposable user | 543 | 62.79 | 1.89 | 628 | 54.70 | 1.81 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Tank user | 285 | 32.40 | 1.70 | 529 | 42.89 | 1.74 | 1.49 | 1.21 * | 1.84 * | 1.47 * | 1.17 * | 1.85 * |
| Use ENDS Because: they might be less harmful to people around me than cigarettes | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 614 | 72.31 | 1.75 | 1007 | 85.30 | 1.06 | 2.06* | 1.57 * | 2.69 * | 2.10 * | 1.59 * | 2.76 * |
| No | 245 | 27.15 | 1.73 | 179 | 14.55 | 1.06 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Use/used e-cigarettes because: They don’t smell | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 538 | 63.85 | 1.74 | 901 | 76.95 | 1.48 | 1.90* | 1.49 * | 2.41 * | 1.86 * | 1.43 * | 2.41 * |
| No | 322 | 35.84 | 1.73 | 285 | 22.85 | 1.49 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Use/used e-cigarettes because: It comes/came in flavors I like/liked | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 520 | 58.11 | 1.79 | 905 | 74.75 | 1.43 | 1.99 * | 1.58 * | 2.49 * | 2.04 * | 1.62 * | 2.55 * |
| No | 337 | 41.24 | 1.79 | 282 | 25.12 | 1.44 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Use/used e-cigarettes because: Using them helps people to quit smoking cigarettes | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 546 | 64.57 | 2.03 | 877 | 73.74 | 1.44 | 1.51 * | 1.20 * | 1.90 * | 1.52 * | 1.20 * | 1.92 * |
| No | 315 | 35.26 | 2.02 | 309 | 26.03 | 1.44 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Use/used e-cigarettes as an alternative to quitting tobacco altogether | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 396 | 47.53 | 1.82 | 736 | 62.50 | 1.49 | 1.70 * | 1.37 * | 2.11 * | 1.71 * | 1.37 * | 2.13 * |
| No | 464 | 52.14 | 1.82 | 448 | 37.18 | 1.48 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Use/used e-cigarettes as a way of cutting down on cigarette smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 485 | 59.07 | 1.71 | 931 | 78.22 | 1.45 | 2.40 * | 1.90 * | 3.02 * | 2.38 * | 1.86 * | 3.05 * |
| No | 376 | 40.89 | 1.71 | 257 | 21.70 | 1.46 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Cessation and Dependence | ||||||||||||
| Count of times over past 12 months, stopped using tobacco for one day or longer because trying to quit | ||||||||||||
| 0 times | 558 | 64.29 | 1.62 | 706 | 59.26 | 1.66 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| 1 time | 71 | 8.80 | 1.13 | 104 | 8.88 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.64 | 1.41 | 0.98 | 0.66 | 1.45 |
| 2–3 times | 153 | 17.72 | 1.41 | 237 | 20.04 | 1.28 | 1.20 | 0.93 | 1.55 | 1.23 | 0.95 | 1.61 |
| 4+ times | 80 | 9.19 | 0.98 | 142 | 11.82 | 0.99 | 1.46 * | 1.07 * | 2.00 * | 1.54 * | 1.12 * | 2.13 * |
| Minutes after waking to first cigarette | ||||||||||||
| less than 5 min | 192 | 23.32 | 1.67 | 273 | 22.75 | 1.17 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| 5–30 min | 303 | 33.32 | 1.61 | 443 | 36.97 | 1.61 | 1.15 | 0.91 | 1.46 | 1.13 | 0.88 | 1.46 |
| 31–60 min | 165 | 19.71 | 1.48 | 220 | 18.94 | 1.30 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 1.39 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 1.40 |
| 61+ min | 195 | 22.82 | 1.78 | 248 | 20.85 | 1.43 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 1.32 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.33 |
| Minutes after waking to first puff on ENDS | ||||||||||||
| Missing | 552 | 63.02 | 1.88 | 414 | 35.44 | 1.50 | ||||||
| Less than 5 min | 71 | 8.41 | 1.28 | 138 | 11.26 | 0.92 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| 5–30 min | 74 | 8.52 | 1.00 | 196 | 16.73 | 1.34 | 1.39 | 0.86 | 2.23 | 1.47 | 0.82 | 2.63 |
| 31–60 min | 53 | 5.55 | 0.65 | 148 | 12.45 | 0.95 | 1.83 * | 1.16 * | 2.88 * | 2.03 * | 1.17 * | 3.54 * |
| 61+ min | 112 | 14.50 | 1.42 | 293 | 24.12 | 1.14 | 1.25 | 0.80 | 1.94 | 1.37 | 0.79 | 2.36 |
| Frequency of Daily Cigarette/ENDS Use | ||||||||||||
| Nondaily (Both Products) | 169 | 19.94 | 1.39 | 184 | 15.58 | 1.12 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Nondaily Cigs, Daily ENDS | 40 | 4.97 | 0.90 | 158 | 13.14 | 0.98 | 3.00 * | 1.92 * | 4.67 * | 1.28 | 0.72 | 2.26 |
| Daily (Both Products) | 41 | 5.49 | 0.93 | 142 | 12.39 | 0.98 | 2.67 * | 1.66 * | 4.28 * | 1.60 | 0.81 | 3.14 |
| Daily Cigs, Nondaily ENDS | 612 | 69.60 | 1.71 | 705 | 58.89 | 1.72 | 1.02 | 0.81 | 1.28 | 0.63 | 0.39 | 1.04 |
| Frequency of Daily ENDS Use, Regardless of Cigarette Use | ||||||||||||
| Nondaily ENDS | 781 | 89.55 | 1.21 | 889 | 74.47 | 1.36 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Daily ENDS | 81 | 10.45 | 1.21 | 300 | 25.53 | 1.36 | 2.79 * | 2.05 * | 3.81 * | 2.04 * | 1.39 * | 3.01 * |
| Frequency of Daily Cigarette Use | ||||||||||||
| Nondaily Cigarette User | 209 | 24.91 | 1.63 | 342 | 28.72 | 1.44 | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
| Daily Cigarette User | 653 | 75.09 | 1.63 | 847 | 71.28 | 1.44 | 0.79 | 0.64 | 0.97 | 0.65 | 0.43 | 1.00 |
a Crude-odds ratios correspond to model output using only the given variable as a predictor for past-30 day self-reported ENDS use. b Adjusted-odds ratios correspond to model output using the given variable as a predictor for past-30 day self-reported ENDS use, including age, gender, race, education, and minutes to first cigarette as model covariates. Corresponds to reference category. * Corresponds to significant odds ratio (p < 0.05)