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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 24.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Nov 15;194:500–517. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.020

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Trials.

Trial and Intervention N Age Cannabis use Inclusion Criteria Follow-Up Outcome
Adult Trials (PSY)
Barrowclough et al., 2014
 (1) Brief or
 (2) Long MI-CBT		 110 Adults DSM-IV abuse or dependence; used cannabis at least 1 day per week in at least half the weeks in prior 3 months 3 FU: 4.5, 9, 18 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (Hair)
Other
BAI, CDS, GAF, PANSS, RTC, TLFB (other substances)
Bonsack et al., 2011
 (1) Motivational Intervention + TAU
 (2) TAU		 62 Adults Smoked at least 3 joints of cannabis/week in month preceding inclusion 3 FU: 3, 6, 12 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB, CASUAS)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
CASUAS (index of severity), PANSS, RTC, SOFAS
Budney et al., 2000
 (1) Motivational Enhancement (ME)
 (2) ME + behavioral coping skills (MBT)
 (3) MBT + voucher-based incentives (MBTV)		 60 Adults DSM-III-R dependence; used cannabis in past 30 days ETX at 14 wks post-baseline Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA, TLFB + UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
ASI, BDI, BSI, MPS, SCQ, URICA
Budney et al., 2006
 (1) CBT + vouchers
 (2) CBT alone
 (3) Vouchers alone		 90 Adults DSM-IV dependence; used cannabis in past 30 days 4 FU: 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
ASI, BDI, BSI, MPS, Remission
Budney et al., 2011
 (1) Computer-delivered MET/CBT/CM
 (2) Therapist delivered MET/CBT/CM		 38 Adults DSM-IV abuse or dependence; report cannabis use on at least 50 of past 90 days ETX at 12 wks post-baseline Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
CSS, MPS, Self-Efficacy
Budney et al., 2015
 (1) Computer-delivered MET/CBT/CM
 (2) Therapist delivered MET/CBT/CM
 (3) MET only		 75 Adults DSM-IV abuse or dependence; report cannabis use on at least 50 of past 90 days 2 FU: 3 and 9 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
CSS, MPS, Self-Efficacy
Carroll et al., 2006
 (1) MET/CBT + CM
 (2) MET/CBT
 (3) Drug Counseling + CM
 (4) Drug Counseling		 132 Adults DSM-IV dependence; cannabis-positive urine specimen at baseline 2 FU: 3 and 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
ASI, Retention
Carroll et al., 2012
 (1) CM for abstinence
 (2) CBT + CM for abstinence (3) CBT
 (4) CBT + CM for CBT session attendance/homework completion		 127 Adults DSM-IV dependence 4 FU: 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA + TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
N/A
Copeland et al., 2001
 (1) 6-session CBT (6CBT)
 (2) 1-session CBT (1CBT)		 229 Adults Expressed a desire to cease cannabis use 1 FU: 24 weeks post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Quantity (OTI):
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
CPQ, SCL-90-R, SDS
Copeland et al., 2017
 (1) Brief or
 (2) extended feedback versions of “Grassessment” (a brief online intervention for cannabis users)		 287 Adults At least one symptom of DSM-IV cannabis abuse or dependence 1 FU: 24 weeks posttreatment Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
SDS
de Dios et al., 2012
 (1) Motivational interviewing (MI) + Mindfulness meditation (MM)
 (2) Assessments only		 34 Adults (all female) Smoked cannabis at least three times in the past month; endorsed a desire to quit or reduce cannabis use; used cannabis to relax, relieve anxiety, or calm down 3 FU: 1, 2, 3 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB + UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
N/A
Gates et al., 2012
 (1) MI + CBT via phone
 (2) Delayed treatment control (DTC)		 160 Adults Use of cannabis in past month; not receiving other treatment for cannabis use 2 FU; 4 and 12 weeks post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Clinically significant improvement in cannabis use
Other
CPQ, TLFB (other drug use), SDS
Hjorthoj et al., 2013
 (1) CapOpus (MI + CBT) + TAU
 (2) TAU		 103 Adults CUD; cannabis was “primary substance of abuse” 1 FU: 4 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
Cognitive Battery, CSQ, EQ-5D, GAF, MANSA, PANSS, WHODAS
Hoch et al., 2014
 (1) CANDIS (MET + CBT + PPS)
 (2) DTC		 279 Adults Use of any cannabis product at least twice a week in past month; motivation to quit or reduce cannabis consumption 2 FU; 3 and 6 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB):
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
CIDI, CPQ, CUPIT, SDS, TLFB, Retention
Jungerman et al., 2007
 (1) 4 weekly motivational interviewing and relapse prevention sessions over 1 month (1MIRP) (2) Same as above but over 3 months (3MIRP)		 160 Adults Smoked cannabis at least 40 times in 90 days prior to interview 1 FU: 4 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity(TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
ASI, DSM Checklist, MPS, TLFB (other drug use)
Kadden et al., 2007
 (1) MET/CBT + CM (2) MET/CBT (3) CM		 240 Adults DSM-IV dependence 4 FU; 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other: Time to relapse
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
ASI, MPS
Litt et al., 2013
 (1) MET/CBT + CM for treatment homework
 (2) MET/CBT + CM for abstinence		 215 Adults DSM-IV dependence or abuse 4 FU; 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB/Form-90)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
CSS, MPS, Marijuana Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, RCTQ, Retention
Madigan et al., 2013
 (1) Group Psychological Intervention (GPI; MI + CBT)
 (2) TAU		 88 Adults Cannabis dependence 2 FU; 3, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Frequency (ASI)
Other
Birchwood Insight Scale, CDSS, DAI-30, DUP, GAF, SAPS/SANS, WHOQOL-BREF
MTRPG, 2004
 (1) MET (2) Multicomponent Treatment (CBT + Case Management + MET)		 450 Adults DSM-IV dependence; used cannabis on at least 40 of the past 90 days. 3 FU: 4, 9, and 15 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB):
Confirmation of SR Use (UA + collateral reports)
Other
ASI, BDI, MPS, SCID, STAI, TLFB (alcohol use)
Roffman et al., 1988
 (1) Relapse Prevention (RP) (2) Social Support (SSP)		 110 Adults Used cannabis at least 50 times in past 90 days 5 FU: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Frequency (Calendar)
Other
Rooke et al., 2013
 (1) Web-based intervention (6-modules)
 (2) Control condition		 225 Adults Used cannabis at least once in past month and desired to stop or reduce use 2 FU: 6 weeks and 3 months post-baseline Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
GAIN-I, SDS
Sinha et al., 2003
 (1) MET (2) MET + CM		 65 Adults All met criteria for CUD (25% abuse, 75% dependence) and provided THC-positive urine at baseline 1 FU: 1 month post-treatment Cannabis Use
Frequency (Calendar)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
ASI, SOCRATES, Treatment Engagement
Stephens et al., 1994
 (1) Relapse Prevention (RP) (2) Social Support (SSP)		 212 Adults Use of cannabis at least 50/past 90 days 5 FU: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (Calendar)
Frequency (Calendar)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA + collateral reports)
Other
Calendar (other substance use), DAST
Stephens et al., 2000
 (1) Relapse Prevention Support Group (RPSG)
 (2) Individualized assessment and Intervention (IAI)		 291 Adults Use of cannabis at least 50 times/past 90 days 5 FU: 1, 4, 7, 13, 16 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (Calendar)
Frequency (Calendar)
Verification of SR Use (Collateral Reports)
Other
Calendar (other substance use), Drug-Related Problems, MDS
Tossmann et al., 2011
 Web-based intervention (counseling program, QTS)		 1292 Adults Looking to quit or reduce cannabis use within the next weeks 1 FU: 3 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Frequency (SR)
Quantity (SR)
Other
DTCQ, GDS, STAI
Walker et al., 2015
 9MET/CBT + Maintenance Check-Ups (MCU)		 74 Adults Cannabis dependence; use of cannabis on 50 or more/past 90 days 2 FU: 3 and 9 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
MPS, SCID-I, Self-Efficacy for Avoiding Cannabis, SWLS
Adolescent Trials (PSY)
Dennis et al., 2004
 Trial 1: MET/CBT 5 sessions vs. MET/CBT 12 sessions vs. Family Support Network Trial 2: MET/CBT 5 sessions vs. ACRA vs. MDFT		 600 Adolescents Self-report one or more DSM-IV criteria for abuse or dependence 4 FU; 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (GAIN)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA + Collateral Reports)
Other
% of adolescents in recovery
Hendriks et al., 2011
 (1) MDFT
 (2) CBT (TAU)		 109 Adolescents DSM-IV CUD, use for at least 26 of past 90 days 4 FU; 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-baseline Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
Treatment Responders (% of participants), In Recovery (% of participants), Self-Report Delinquency Scale, Treatment Retention
Hoch et al., 2012
 CANDIS (MET + CBT + PPS)		 122 Adolescents & Adults (Age 16+) Use of any cannabis product at least twice a week in past month; DSM-IV criteria for lifetime abuse or dependence 2 FU; 3, 6 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
ASI, BSI, CIDI-I
Kaminer et al., 2014
 Voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) for abstinence + CBT		 59 Adolescents DSM-IV abuse or dependence, positive drug test for THC 1 FU: 3 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
CRI-Y, SCQ-39
Kaminer et al., 2017
 Phase 1: MET/CBT-7 Phase 2: (1) Individualized enhanced CBT (2) ACRA		 161 Adolescents DSM-IV CUD 5 FU: over 1 year post-phase 2 Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
Attendance at Week 17 (%)
Killeen et al., 2012
 Abstinence-based CM + TAU		 31 Adolescents Primary CUD, past 45 day cannabis use 1 FU: 3 months Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Other
BIS, MCQ, Retention
Lascaux et al., 2016
 (1) TAU (formalized)
 (2) TAU		 73 Adolescents DSM-IV CUD 4 FU; 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
ADI-Light, CBCL + YSR, FES, SS
Rigter et al., 2013
 MDFT		 450 Adolescents DSM-IV CUD 4 FU: 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-randomization Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
ADI-Light, Therapy Completion, Treatment Completion
Stanger et al., 2009
 (1) MET/CBT + CM for abstinence or abstinence-based parent training		 69 Adolescents Reported use of cannabis/past 30 days or THC-positive urine test 3 FU: 3, 6, 9 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB/Parent Report)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
APQ, CBCL + YSR, VSDI
Stanger et al., 2015
 (1) MET/CBT + CM (2) MET/CBT + CM + Parent Training		 153 Adolescents DSM-IV CUD 4 FU: 3, 6, 9, 12 months post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
APQ, CBCL
Adult Trials (PHA)
Allsop et al., 2014
 Nabiximols (maximum daily dose: 86.4mg THC, 80 mg CBD)		 51 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; experienced withdrawal during previous quit attempts; desired to reduce or quit cannabis use 9-day inpatient period and 1 FU 28 days after discharge Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
CPQ, CWS, SDS, Adverse Events, Retention
Brunette et al., 2011
 Clozapine (400 mg/day)		 31 Adults Diagnosis of current CUD; cannabis use on at least 5 days over 3 wks prior to screening none Cannabis Use
Quantity (TLFB)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
BPRS, CGI, SANS, TLFB (other substance use)
Carpenter et al., 2009
 (1) Bupropion (150 mg bid)
 (2) Nefazodone (300 mg bid)		 106 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for current dependence; smoked > 5 joints per week none Cannabis Use
Abstinence (SR + UA)
Frequency (SR): # of days used Quantity (SR)
Other
Adherence, CGI, HAM-A, Side Effects, SMHSQ, Snaith
Gray et al., 2017
 N-Acetylcysteine (1200 mg bid)		 302 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; positive UCT at screen 1 FU: 4 wks post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
Safety/Tolerability
Hill et al., 2017
 Nabilone (0.5 mg/day for first 7 days; increased to 1 mg/day for 7 days; increased to 2mg/day for 4 weeks; reverse titration for final 3 weeks)		 18 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence FU at weeks 11–14 after completion of 10 wk treatment phase Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB/Daily Diaries)
Quantity (TLFB/Daily Diaries)
Change in urine cannabinoid levels (UA)
Other
BAI, MCQ, QIDS, Adverse Events
Johnston et al., 2014
 Lithium Carbonate (500 mg bid)		 38 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; self-reported withdrawal symptoms as a barrier to achieving abstinence from cannabis in previous quit attempts 3 FU: 14, 30, and 90 days post-discharge Cannabis Use
Abstinence (SR)
Frequency (SR)
Quantity (SR)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Cannabinoid Levels: Plasma cannabinoid levels measured at baseline and days 2, 4, and 7
Other
CPQ, CWS, DASS-21, SDS, SF-12, WHOQOL-BREF
Levin et al., 2004
 Divalproex sodium (250 mg bid for 8 days; raised to 500 mg bid for 6 days; raised to single daily dose of 1500 mg for 4 wks); max dose 2000 mg for pts with blood levels below 50 ng/ml		 25 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; use of at least 5 joints per week in the month prior to enrollment 6 wk cross-over phase to assess effectiveness (following 6 wks of medical/ placebo intervention) Cannabis Use
Abstinence (SR + UA)
Frequency (SR)
Quantity (SR)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other: Weekly clinician-rated global impression assessment for marijuana use
Other
ASI, HSC, Snaith, VAS
Levin et al., 2011
 Dronabinol (10 mg/day, increased to 20 mg bid; gradual dose tapering at wks 9–10, placebo at wks 11–12)		 156 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; report using cannabis at least 5 days/week during past 28 days; THC-positive urine screen at study entry None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (SR)
Frequency (SR)
Quantity (SR)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
MWC, Medication Adherence, SAFTEE, Retention
Levin et al., 2013
 Venlafaxine-XR (titrated to target dose of 225 mg daily; max dose of 375 mg daily if well tolerated)		 103 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; report that cannabis was primary drug of abuse None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA + TLFB)
Change in urine cannabinoid levels (UA)
Confirmation of SR Use (UA)
Other
HAMD, SAFTEE, Treatment Compliance
Levin et al., 2016
 Lofexidine-dronabinol combination (Lofex was titrated in 0.2 mg increments, Dron was given in 10 mg increments until reaching max tolerated dose): Dron, 20 mg 3 times/day, Lofex, 0.6 mg 3 times/day		 122 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; cannabis use at least 5 days/wk; THC-positive urine at study entry None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
MWC, Time-to-Dropout
Mason et al., 2012
 Gabapentin (1200 mg/day; titrated by increasing by 300 mg/day until max dose reached; dosing schedule: 300 mg morning and midday, 600 mg evening)		 50 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; seeking research-based outpatient treatment for cannabis dependence involving daily medication; smoked cannabis at least once in week prior to randomization 1 FU: 1 wk after treatment completion Cannabis Use
Quantity (TLFB/Smoking Diaries):
Other: Change in urine cannabinoid levels (UA)
Frequency (TLFB/Smoking Diaries):
Other: Point prevalence of new cannabis use (UA)
Other
BDI-II, MPS, MWC, PSQI, SAFTEE-GI
McRae-Clark et al., 2009
 Buspirone (60 mg/day; achieved by gradually increasing 5 mg bid starting dose by 5–10 mg every 3–4 days)		 93 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
HAM-A, MCQ, MWC
McRae-Clark et al., 2010
 Atomoxetine (starting dosage of 25 mg daily, increasing to 40 mg in wk 2, 80 mg in wk 3 as tolerated, up to 100 mg)		 78 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Frequency/Quantity (TLFB)
Other
CAARS-Self, CGI, WRAADS
McRae-Clark et al., 2015
 Buspirone (initiated at 5 mg bid, increased by 5–10 mg every 3–4 days as tolerated; max dose 60 mg daily)		 175 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Other
5-HT1A Receptor Genotype, HAM-A, MCQ
McRae-Clark et al., 2016
 Vilazodone (initiated at 10 mg/day for 7 days, 20 mg/day for 7 days, 40 mg/day as tolerated)		 76 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
MCQ
Penetar et al., 2012
 Bupropion (150 mg/day on days 1–3, 150 mg bid on days 4–21)		 22 Adults Minimum of 3 years of heavy use (smoke 5/7 days per wk/ greater than 25 days per month); experienced 2 or more negative symptoms in previous quit attempts None Cannabis Use
Other: Point prevalence of new cannabis use (UA)
Other
BAI, BDI, Cognitive Performance Battery, MWC, Sleep Diary/Actigraphy, URICA
Sherman et al., 2017
 MET + Oxytocin (40 IUs administered intranasally 30 min prior to first 2 of 3 MET sessions)		 16 Adults Cannabis dependence None Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other: Urine and saliva samples used to confirm recent abstinence (data not reported in manuscript)
Other
N/A
Trigo et al., 2018
 Nabiximols (as-needed, up to 113.4 mg THC/105 mg CBD)		 40 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence; report cannabis as primary drug of abuse; report cannabis use at least 5 days/week for at least 1 month; cannabis positive urine screen; smoked less than or equal to the equivalent of 4 joints/day (or 4 g/day) None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (TLFB/Smoking Diary)
Frequency (TLFB/Smoking Diary)
Quantity (TLFB/Smoking Diary)
Other: Results of TLFB and smoking diaries compared for consistency
Cannabinoid Concentrations (Blood Plasma and UA).
Other
MCQ, Medication Use, MWC, SMHSQ, Tolerability, Vitals
Weinstein et al., 2014
 Escitalopram (10 mg/day)		 52 Adults Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence 1 FU: 6-month post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Other
ASI, BDI, CIWA (Modified), STAI
Adolescent Trials (PHA)
Cornelius et al., 2010 & 2012
 Fluoxetine (20 mg/day)		 70 Adolescents & Adults (14–25) Met DSM-IV criteria for dependence or abuse; current cannabis use (i.e. past 30 days) None Cannabis Use
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
BDI, SCID (Cannabis Abuse/Dependence Symptoms, Alcohol, MDD), HAM-D-27, Side Effects, TLFB (alcohol use)
Gray et al., 2012
 N-acetylcysteine (1200 mg bid)		 116 Adolescents & Adults (15–21) Used cannabis regularly; met criteria for cannabis dependence expressed interest in CUD TX 1 FU: 4 wks post-treatment Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Other
Safety/Tolerability
Miranda et al., 2017
 Topiramate (titrated over 4 wks, stabilized at 200 mg/day for 2 wks)		 66 Adolescents & Adults (15–24) Heavy cannabis use; some clinically significant problems associated with cannabis use None Cannabis Use
Abstinence (UA)
Frequency (TLFB)
Quantity (TLFB)
Other
BDI, Neurocognitve Test Battery, SAFTEE

Notes: Outcomes in bold text were identified as primary outcomes. Abbreviations: ADI-Light, Adolescent Diagnostic Interview-Light; APQ, Alabama Parenting Questionnaire; ASI, Addiction Severity Index; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI/BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; BIS, Barratt Impulsivity Scale; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CAARS-Self, Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; CGI, Clinical Global Impression; CIDI, Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CIWA, Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Scale; CPQ, Cannabis Problems Questionnaire; CRI-Y, Coping Response Inventory-Youth; CSS, Coping Strategies Scale; CSQ, Client Satisfaction Questionnaire; CUPIT, Cannabis Use Problems Identification Test; CWS, Cannabis Withdrawal Scale; DAI-30, Drug Attitude Inventory-30; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; DAST, Drug Abuse Screening Test; DTCQ-8, Drug-Taking Confidence Questionnaire; DUP, Duration of Untreated Psychosis; ETX, End-of-Treatment; EQ-5D, EuroQol’s Quality of Life Interview; FES, Family Environment Scale; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; GAIN-I, Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Initial; GDS, General Depression Scale; HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HSC, Hopkins Symptom Checklist; MANSA, Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life; MCQ, Marijuana Craving Questionnaire; MDS, Marijuana Dependence Scale; MPS, Marijuana Problem Scale; MWC, Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QIDS, Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptoms; RTC, Readiness to Change Questionnaire; SAFTEE, Modified Systematic Assessment for Treatment and Emergent Events; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; SCL-90, The Symptom Checklist-90; SCQ, Situational Confidence Questionnaire; SDS, Severity of Dependence Scale; SF-12, Short Form-12; SMHSQ, St. Mary’s Hospital Sleep Questionnaire; Snaith, Snaith Irritability Scale; SOCRATES, Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale; SOFAS, Social and Occupational Functioning Scale; SS, Satisfaction Scale; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; TLFB, Timeline Followback; TX, Treatment; UA, Urinalysis; URICA, University of Rhode Island Change Assessment; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; VSDI, Vermont Structured Diagnostic Interview; WHODAS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule; WHOQOL-BREF-World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment; WRAADS, Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale; YSR, Youth Self-Report.