Table 1.
Degree of association and level of agreement between average daily nutrient intakes by 24-h recalls/biomarkers and Dish-based food frequency questionnaires (DFFQs) (n = 161)
| Energy and nutrients (unit) | Average daily intake | Percent agreements | Correlation coefficient between recalls/biomarkers and DFFQs | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recall(s) | DFFQ(s) | Same quartile (%)b | (same and adjacent quartile)c | Opposite quartiles (%)d | Unadjusted | Energy-Adjustede | De-attenuatedf | P. valueg | ||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P. valuea | Spearman’ r | Spearman’ r | Spearman’ r | |||||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1952.3 | 59.7 | 3397.4 | 1673.4 | 0.0001 | 41.2 | 78 | 3.1 | 0.49 | – | 0.53 | 0.0001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 62.8 | 19.4 | 106.4 | 51.9 | 0.0001 | 37.7 | 82.3 | 1.8 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.0001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 63.3 | 23.7 | 107.2 | 58.9 | 0.0001 | 37.5 | 82.5 | 6.2 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 288.4 | 92.5 | 324.9 | 193.6 | 0.23 | 33.5 | 78.4 | 5.6 | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.0001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/d) | 13.5 | 5.6 | 46.7 | 28.4 | 0.0001 | 34.8 | 67.7 | 5 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 188.7 | 106.4 | 324.9 | 193.6 | 0.0001 | 37.3 | 75.2 | 5 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.0001 |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 1.9 | 0.84 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 0.0001 | 33.9 | 82.6 | 2.5 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 9.5 | 116.9 | 2.1 | 1 | 0.0001 | 34.8 | 77.3 | 5.8 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 100.3 | 50.4 | 559.2 | 379.2 | 0.0001 | 33.5 | 70.8 | 8.6 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 3.9 | 4.6 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 0.0001 | 30.3 | 69 | 5.8 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.004 |
| Folate (μg/day) | 217.1 | 146.2 | 438 | 199.1 | 0.0001 | 28.1 | 68.1 | 10.6 | 0.12 | 0.091 | 0.13 | 0.1 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 623.8 | 259.5 | 1170.2 | 550.6 | 0.0001 | 41.8 | 76.1 | 3.7 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.0001 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 17.2 | 8.8 | 45.9 | 27.8 | 0.0001 | 33.5 | 80.3 | 3.1 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.0001 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 10.8 | 11.1 | 43.8 | 58 | 0.0001 | 36.8 | 71.5 | 7.6 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.003 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||||||||
| Retinol (mcg/day) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.26 | – | 0.58 | 0.0001 |
| Beta-carotene (mcg/day) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.13 | – | 0.40 | 0.0001 |
Only data of participants who had two FFQs and a minimum of three 24-h recalls were analyzed
aPaired t test comparing DFFQ and Recalls in daily average intakes
bPercentage of subjects in the same quartile of nutrient intakes from DFFQ1 and 6-day recalls
cPercentage of subjects in the same and adjacent quartiles of nutrient intakes from DFFQ1 and 6-day recalls
dOpposite (lowest/highest) quartiles
eCalculated based on log-transformed value of average daily consumptions with adjustment for total energy intake using the residual method
fCorrection were calculated based on energy-unadjusted correlation
gFor all de-attenuated correlations, P < 0.001, except for Folate