Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for male participants’ characteristics and outcomes by time point and intervention status (n = 641)
| Variable | Time point | Control (C) n = 173 |
BONES (B) n = 207 |
BONES + Parents (B + P) n = 261 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | 95% CI | n | Mean | 95% CI | n | Mean | 95% CI | ||
| Age (yr) | T0 | 143 | 7.16 | (7.06, 7.27) | 163 | 7.19 | (7.06, 7.31) | 210 | 7.19 | (7.08, 7.3) |
| Height (cm)a | T0 | 133 | 121.35 | (120.24, 122.45) | 160 | 123.32 | (122.36, 124.28) | 205 | 123.33 | (122.43, 124.24) |
| Weight (kg)b | T0 | 133 | 25.16 | (24.26, 26.07) | 160 | 27.00 | (26.04, 27.95) | 207 | 26.83 | (25.98, 27.67) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||||
| White | T0 | 72 | (63.2%) | 83 | (64.3%) | 118 | (65.2%) | |||
| Black | T0 | 16 | (14.0%) | 8 | (6.2%) | 19 | (10.5%) | |||
| Hispanic | T0 | 10 | (8.8%) | 13 | (10.1%) | 16 | (8.8%) | |||
| Other | T0 | 16 | (14.0%) | 25 | (19.4%) | 28 | (15.5%) | |||
| BMI z-score | T0 | 130 | 0.53 | (0.36, 0.71) | 158 | 0.76 | (0.61, 0.91) | 200 | 0.73 | (0.59, 0.87) |
| T1 | 102 | 0.64 | (0.45, 0.84) | 122 | 0.73 | (0.57, 0.89) | 154 | 0.74 | (0.59, 0.89) | |
| T2 | 70 | 0.77 | (0.53, 1) | 76 | 0.90 | (0.69, 1.11) | 103 | 0.70 | (0.5, 0.89) | |
| Percent body fat (%) | T0 | 135 | 16.73 | (15.66, 17.8) | 159 | 16.12 | (15.14, 17.11) | 205 | 16.24 | (15.33, 17.15) |
| T1 | 106 | 16.55 | (15.32, 17.78) | 147 | 17.47 | (16.4, 18.53) | 158 | 17.48 | (16.34, 18.61) | |
| T2 | 82 | 17.22 | (15.55, 18.88) | 74 | 20.37 | (18.4, 22.34) | 105 | 18.96 | (17.51, 20.42) | |
| Calcium-rich food knowledge scorec | T0 | 134 | 6.35 | (6.09, 6.61) | 153 | 6.71 | (6.42, 6.99) | 203 | 6.73 | (6.5, 6.96) |
| T1 | 105 | 6.75 | (6.46, 7.04) | 142 | 7.11 | (6.85, 7.37) | 161 | 7.27 | (7.02, 7.52) | |
| T2 | 80 | 6.96 | (6.61, 7.32) | 71 | 7.89 | (7.53, 8.25) | 103 | 7.63 | (7.36, 7.9) | |
| Physical activity knowledge scorec | T0 | 132 | 6.08 | (5.78, 6.38) | 158 | 6.12 | (5.85, 6.39) | 207 | 6.11 | (5.9, 6.31) |
| T1 | 107 | 6.21 | (5.93, 6.48) | 145 | 6.54 | (6.3, 6.79) | 164 | 6.71 | (6.5, 6.92) | |
| T2 | 83 | 6.37 | (6.1, 6.65) | 75 | 6.75 | (6.48, 7.02) | 106 | 6.83 | (6.56, 7.1) | |
| Calcium-rich food preference scorec | T0 | 134 | 3.51 | (3.3, 3.71) | 152 | 3.53 | (3.35, 3.72) | 202 | 3.44 | (3.27, 3.61) |
| T1 | 105 | 3.41 | (3.16, 3.66) | 142 | 3.64 | (3.45, 3.84) | 161 | 3.54 | (3.35, 3.73) | |
| T2 | 80 | 3.39 | (3.13, 3.64) | 71 | 3.52 | (3.27, 3.78) | 103 | 3.59 | (3.37, 3.81) | |
| Total calcium intake (mg)c | T0 | 122 | 1024 | (923, 1125) | 146 | 1077 | (975, 1179) | 198 | 1088 | (1016, 1160) |
| T1 | 101 | 952 | (851, 1052) | 142 | 1145 | (1042, 1249) | 159 | 1099 | (1011, 1187) | |
| T2 | 81 | 1055 | (935, 1174) | 72 | 1042 | (899, 1184) | 105 | 1048 | (946, 1150) | |
| MET scorec | T0 | 132 | 25.20 | (23.18, 27.21) | 158 | 24.90 | (23.1, 26.7) | 207 | 24.61 | (23.05, 26.18) |
| T1 | 107 | 23.70 | (21.61, 25.79) | 146 | 25.69 | (23.87, 27.52) | 164 | 25.57 | (23.78, 27.37) | |
| T2 | 83 | 22.07 | (19.76, 24.38) | 75 | 26.46 | (24.11, 28.82) | 106 | 25.54 | (23.52, 27.56) | |
| WBF scorec | T0 | 132 | 3.83 | (3.45, 4.21) | 158 | 3.75 | (3.41, 4.1) | 206 | 3.69 | (3.39, 4) |
| T1 | 107 | 3.56 | (3.15, 3.96) | 146 | 3.84 | (3.47, 4.21) | 164 | 3.93 | (3.57, 4.3) | |
| T2 | 83 | 3.25 | (2.78, 3.71) | 75 | 4.23 | (3.77, 4.7) | 106 | 4.18 | (3.77, 4.59) | |
| Grip strength (kg) | T0 | 136 | 11.43 | (11, 11.87) | 160 | 11.55 | (11.17, 11.94) | 206 | 12.05 | (11.66, 12.45) |
| T1 | 107 | 11.21 | (10.75, 11.68) | 147 | 11.69 | (11.26, 12.11) | 163 | 12.34 | (11.84, 12.84) | |
| T2 | 81 | 13.11 | (12.38, 13.84) | 77 | 13.23 | (12.55, 13.92) | 105 | 13.45 | (12.79, 14.1) | |
| Vertical jump (in) | T0 | 136 | 12.08 | (11.7, 12.45) | 158 | 12.40 | (12.08, 12.72) | 204 | 12.06 | (11.8, 12.32) |
| T1 | 105 | 12.39 | (12.01, 12.78) | 148 | 12.30 | (11.99, 12.62) | 162 | 12.63 | (12.31, 12.95) | |
| T2 | 80 | 13.00 | (12.54, 13.45) | 76 | 12.86 | (12.38, 13.34) | 106 | 12.97 | (12.53, 13.4) | |
| Bone stiffness index | T0 | 57 | 75.03 | (69.85, 80.21) | 53 | 72.62 | (68.63, 76.6) | 76 | 73.12 | (69.67, 76.58) |
| T1 | 58 | 67.71 | (63.51, 71.91) | 84 | 69.66 | (66.44, 72.88) | 107 | 70.34 | (67.69, 72.99) | |
| T2 | 57 | 68.41 | (65.14, 71.68) | 40 | 69.57 | (65.1, 74.05) | 75 | 71.11 | (67.71, 74.5) | |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent time, WBF weight-bearing factor
aAverage height of C is significantly lower than B and B + P
bAverage weight of C is significantly lower than B and B + P
cRange of scores: Calcium-rich food knowledge score: 0–11; Physical activity knowledge score: 0–9; Calcium-rich food preference score: 0–5; Total calcium intake (mg): 0–3661.5; MET score: 0–46.8; WBF score: 0–7.5