Table 4.

‐ Key questions and criteria for sustainable clean household fuel scale‐up

1. Analysis of initial conditions of the energy market	2. Economics of providing energy to the country for the household sector
1.1What are the present and projected household energy needs of the country, and their spatial and temporal patterning, under low/medium/high growth assumptions?	2.1 What are the projected costs to set up or enhance a clean fuel supply chain (from production to distribution)?
1.2What are the present sources of household energy and what are the present and projected economics of providing such energy?	2.2 What are the expected patterns of national growth and urbanization and how might those patterns impact scaling of the fuel supply (local, regional, national)?
1.3What are the present planning, data gathering, and decision‐making capacities of the country?	2.3 Who will provide the capital to build the supply infrastructure (e.g., private, public, donor)? What returns to capital investment are expected?
1.4Is civil society aware of the energy issues (and associated health and environmental impacts) and is there demand for cleaner energy currently?	2.4 Are fuel subsidies or other finance vehicles necessary to reach low‐income populations? What pricing mechanisms are necessary for different energy sources?
1.5Is there an existing distribution system for a certain fuel, either by itself or linked to another commodity? For bio‐based fuels, what is the source of feedstock and will it be limiting?	2.5 How can this transition to clean fuels be designed to minimize vulnerability to international energy pricing volatility and over what time frame should this be considered?
3. Household access and awareness, including consumer demand and decision making	4. Status of fuel‐related regulations and enforcement
3.1 What is the household awareness and demand for clean cooking fuel(s)? Will demand generation or behavior change be necessary to gain adoption of new fuel(s)? What gender dynamics would determin intra‐household decision‐making on clean cooking choices?	4.1 What are the existing government policies that would establish the regulatory environment for the fuel?
3.2 What are the levels of actual and perceived affordability of household energy for cooking, lighting, and heating in urban and rural areas?	4.2 Are relevant laws and regulations for the fuel adequately enforced?
3.3 What is the knowledge of and access to financial options for households to adopt the clean fuel including both initial equipment and/or ongoing fuel costs?	4.3 Can lack of proper enforcement create a threat to sustainable market expansion? How can this threat be mitigated?
3.4 What incentives for last mile‐distribution would broaden the geographic reach?	5. Analysis of equity issues
3.5 What is the financial infrastructure and maturity of financial markets, and associated market interest rate for (small) loans?	5.1 What strategies will reduce equity gaps in the availability and use of the clean fuel? Will different fuels or supply strategies be promoted for different income or geographic groups?
3.6 What are secondary clean fuel choices and new technologies that are appropriate for this market and provide multiple clean fuel and cooking options for households?	5.2 What populations will have lowest access to the clean fuel, and how will these populations be specifically included?
3.7 What communication strategy will be necessary to build awareness of clean fuel adoption and use?	5.3 Would a concerted stakeholder engagement process enhance equity and policy or program design?
3.8 What distribution, finance and marketing strategies can be employed to ensure that women have an appropriate role in household choices?	5.4 How can programs and policy best ensure that the needs of women, who have the greatest stake in their design and execution, be met?