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. 2019 Aug 6;16(1):e12864. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12864

Table 3.

Comparison of ECD scores (z‐scores)a on BSID‐III between stunted and nonstunted children

Cognitive Social–emotional
Predictors Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value
Mother's age 0.0 [−0.01, 0.02] .847 0.00 [−0.01, 0.03] .541 −0.02 [−0.04, 0.0] .183 −0.0 [−0.0, 0.01] .320
Mother's BMI 0.02 [−0.01, 0.04] .352 0.00 [−0.02, 0.04] .520 0.03 [−0.0, 0.06] .054 −0.0 [−0.03, 0.01] .528
Mother's education
No schooling Reference Reference Reference Reference
Primary incomplete 0.15 [0.16,0.46] .335 0.13 [−0.18, 0.44] .398 0.37 [0.04, 0.71] .030 0.36 [−0.04, 0.65] .084
Primary complete 0.30 [−0.03, 0.56] .028 0.33 [0.02, 0.64] .035 0.54 [0.24, 0.84] <.001 0.48 [0.15, 0.8] .004
HSC and above −0.03 [−0.49, 0.54] .924 0.06 [−0.5, 0.6] .828 0.26 [−0.01, 0.67] .207 0.18 [0.39] .387
Maternal depressive symptoms −0.0 [−0.02, 0.02] .871 0.02 [−0.02, 0.02] .769 0.0 [−0.02, 0.02] .872
Child's age 0 [−0.01, 0.01] .985 0.00 [−0.0, 0.01] .365 0.0 [−0.0, 0.0] .780
Child's sex (female) 0.06 [−0.1,0.2] .5 0.09 [−0.1, 0.3] .805 0.04 [−0.17, 0.25] .695 0.07 [−0.14, 0.28] .515
Child's stunting −0.20[−0.37, −0.03] .034 −0.20 [−0.4, −0.0] .049 −0.16 [−0.31, 0.0] .037 −0.17 [−0.32, −0.0] .038
Motor
Fine motor Gross motor Total motor
Predictors Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value
Mother's age 0.0 [−0.01, 0.02] .737 −0.0 [−0.01, 0.02] .963 0.0 [−0.02, 0.03] .572 0.0 [−0.01, 0.02] .696 0.0 [−0.01, 0.02] .63 0.0 [−0.02, 0.03] .822
Mother's BMI 0.02 [−0.0, 0.05] .09 0.02 [−0.0,0.05] .141 0.04 [0.01, 0.06] .003 0.03 [0.0, 0.06] .017 0.04 [0.01, 0.07] .005 0.04 [0.0, 0.06] .021
Mother's education
No schooling Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Primary incomplete 0.08 [−0.1, 0.3] .509 −0.01 [−0.27. 0.24] .925 0.17 [−0.12. 0.46] .262 0.03 [−0.24, 0.31] .821 0.16 [−0.13, 0.49] .281 0.02 [−0.26, 0.3] .899
Primary complete 0.06 [−0.14, 0.27] .563 0.04 [−0.2, 0.3] .738 0.24 [0.0, 0.48] .042 0.15 [−0.08, 0.4] .208 0.22 [−0.02, 0.46] .071 0.14 [−0.11, 0.41] .274
HSC and above −0.0 [−0.5, 0.5] .977 −0.02 [−0.5, 0.46] .941 0.17 [−0.14, 0.48] .272 0.57 [−0.22, 0.33] .693 0.15 [−0.25, 0.55] .464 0.06 [−0.03, 0.41] .757
Maternal depressive symptoms −0.0. [−0.02, 0.01] .428 −0.0 [−0.02, 0.01] .498 −0.01 [−0.02, 0.01] .429 ‐ −0.0 [−0.03, 0.01] −0.0 [−0.2, 0.01] .607
Child's age 0.0 [−0.0, 0.01] .428 0.0 [−0.00. 0.02] .368 0.0 [−0.0, 0.01] .949 0.0 [−0.0, 0.02] .821 0.0 [−0.0 [0.0] .988 00. [−0.0, 0.01] .102
Child's sex (female) 0.20 [0.05, 0.4] .428 0.20 [0.02, 0.38] .027 0.02 [−0.2, 0.2] .858 −0.04 [−0.2, 0.1] .208 0.11 [−0.08, 0.3] .268 0.06 [−0.14, 0.26] .564
Child's stunting −0.23 [−0.42, −0.05] .428 −0.21[−0.41, −0.01] .039 −0.42 [−0.6, −0.24] <.001 −0.45 [−0.5, −0.25] .693 −0.39 [−0.57, −0.21] <.001 −0.41 [−0.6, −0.2] <.001
Language
Receptive communication Expressive communication Total language
Predictors Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Unadjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value Adjusted Coef. [95% CI] P value
Mother's age −0.0 [−0.03, 0.0] .371 −0.0 [−0.02, 0.02] .255 −0.0 [−0.02, 0.01] .651 −0.00 [−0.03, 0.01] .456 −0.0 [−0.02, 0.01] .498 −0.0 [−0.03, 0.13] .503
Mother's BMI 0.02 [−0.01, 0.04] .236 0.0 [−0.02, 0.35] .536 0.02 [−1.01, 0.12] .115 0.018 [0.0, 0.04] .160 0.02 [−0.0, 0.04] .132 0.01 [−0.01, 0.04] .231
Mother's education
No schooling Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Primary incomplete 0.16 [−0.11, 0.43] .251 0.14 [−0.15, 0.43] .350 −0.0 [−0.28, 0.26] .928 −0.11 [−0.38, 0.16] .408 0.03 [−0.02, 0.3] .824 −0.04 [−0.32, 0.23] .762
Primary complete 0.35 [0.09, 0.6] .006 0.36 [0.06, 0.65] .016 0.15 [−0.08, 0.39] .193 0.07 [−0.17, 0.31] .552 0.26 [0.02, 0.51] .037 0.22 [−0.05, 0.49] .111
HSC and above 0.3 [−0.14, −0.75] .178 0.33 [−0.13, 0.8] .162 0.56 [0.15, 0.94] .007 0.47,[0.07, 0.87] .020 0.5 [0.07, 0.93] .021 0.47 [0.06, 0.88] .024
Maternal depressive symptoms 0.0 [−0.0, 0.02] .326 ‐ ‐ 0.0 [−0.01, 0.02] .984 ‐ ‐ 0. [−0.01, 0.02] .544 ‐ ‐
Child's age −0.0 [−0.01, 0.0] .934 0.0 [−0.0, 0.01] .255 −0.00 [−0.01, 0.01] .981 0.0 [−0.0, 0.02] .210 −0.0 [−0.01, 0.0] .943 0.0 [−0.0, 0.01] .154
Child's sex (female) 0.14 [−0.04, 0.32] .136 0.17 [−0.02, 0.36] .092 0.07 [−0.1, 0.25] .414 0.06 [−0.11, 0.25] .489 0.13 [−0.05, 0.31] .153 0.14 [−0.04, 0.33] .135
Child's stunting −0.30 [−0.48, −0.11] <.001 −0.3 [−0.49, −0.10] .003 −0.31 [−0.48, −0.13] .001 −0.32 [−0.49, −0.14] <.001 −0.4 [−0.54, −0.18] <.001 −0.37 [−0.56, −0.18] <.001

Note. Mother's education: primary incomplete (first to fourth grade); primary complete (fifth to 10th grade); HSC = higher secondary (11th to 12th grade) and above (graduation and masters). Number of observation: 637; number of children represented: 237; number of children represented: n = 236 at 6 months, 212 at 15 months and 189 at 24 months. Reference: base score against which the others were compared.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BSID‐III, Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐third version; ECD, early childhood development; stunting, length‐for‐age z‐score < −2SD; nonstunting, length‐for‐age z‐score ≥ −2SD.

a

Generalized estimating equation analysis controlling for age and sex of the child and mother's age, schooling, BMI, and depressive symptoms. Standard error adjusted for clustering on ID.

The significant values are presented as “bold”