Table 2.
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) studies ‐ characteristics of stimulation
| Study | Electrode placement | Frequency (Hz) | Pulse width (ms) | Waveform shape | Intensity | Duration (min) | Treatment sessions per group |
| Capel 2003 | Ear clip electrodes | 10 | 2 | Not specified | 12 μA | 53 | x 2 daily for 4 days |
| Cork 2004 | Ear clip electrodes | 0.5 | Not specified | Modified square‐wave biphasic | 100 μA | 60 | ? daily for 3 weeks |
| Gabis 2003 | Mastoid processes and forehead | 77 | 3.3 | Biphasic asymmetric | ≤ 4 mA | 30 | x 1 daily for 8 days |
| Gabis 2009 | Mastoid processes and forehead | 77 | 3.3 | Biphasic asymmetric | ≤ 4 mA | 30 | x 1 daily for 8 days |
| Katsnelson 2004 | Mastoid processes and forehead | Not specified | Not specified | 2 conditions: symmetric, asymmetric | 11 to 15 mA | 40 | x 1 daily for 5 days |
| Lichtbroun 2001 | Ear clip electrodes | 0.5 | Not specified | Biphasic square wave | 100 μA | 60 | x 1 daily for 30 days |
| Rintala 2010 | Ear clip electrodes | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | 100 μA | 40 | x 1 daily for 6 weeks |
| Tan 2000 | Ear clip electrodes | 0.5 | Not specified | Not specified | 10 to 600 μA | 20 | 12 (timing not specified) |
| Tan 2006 | Ear clip electrodes | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | 100 to 500 μA | 60 | x 1 daily for 21 days |
| Tan 2011 | Ear clip electrodes | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | 100 μA | 60 | x 1 daily for 21 days |
| Taylor 2013 | Ear clip electrodes | 0.5 | Not specified | Modified square‐wave biphasic | 100 μA | 60 | x 1 daily for 8 weeks |