Extended Data Table 3. Lifespan assays of L2^ox and L2^red subpopulations following transient exposure to oxidizing or reducing conditions.

Worms were sorted into liquid medium, exposed to paraquat (PQ) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 10 hours and then returned to NGM plates for lifespan assessment. P values for Kaplan Meier survival analysis were calculated based on the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) method unless noted otherwise. Samples were compared to L2^ox subpopulations or L2^mixed. Maximum lifespan was defined as the 10% of last survival population.

Experiment	Sorted population	Mean	Max	Dead/censored worms	P value	% change	Figure on text	Ratio BioSorter§	P value (BioS.)
1	L2ox	24	34.4	91			Figure 2f	7.07±0.018(n=317)
	1 mM PQ	26	33.7	85	0.4364	7.7%*
	10 mM NAC	19	32.9	99	0.008	20.8%*
	L2red	21	31.2	109			Figure 2e	7.±0.011(n=402)	0.00074
	1 mM PQ	23	31.7	139/1	0.0261	8.7%*
	10 mM NAC	21	29.4	157	0.0546	-
2	L2ox	16	23.3	86				7.09±0.007(n=800)
	L2red	15	19	54	0.0002	18.4%†		7.05±0.009(n=1218)	0.00034
	L2red + 1 mM PQ	15.5	25.6	64	0.0002∥	9%†
3	L2ox	23	29.8	89
	10 mM NAC	21	30.4	50	0.05‡	8.7%*
4¶	L2Mixed	15	21.1	66			Figure 2d
	0.1 mM PQ	15	20.6	107	0.5137	2.4%†
	1 mM PQ	15	27.8	96	0.0175	24.1%†
	10 mM NAC	14.5	19.5	66	0.3667	7.6%†
5¶	L2Mixed	12	16	84
	0.1 mM PQ	12	20.7	101	0.003	22.7%†
	1 mM PQ	12	29.7	88	0.0023	46.1%†
	10 mM NAC	11	18.7	101	0.1809	14.4%†

^*percentage change based on mean lifespan.

^†percentage change based on max lifespan.

^‡p value for survival analysis calculated based on the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon method.

^§Grx1-roGFP2 ratio of L2^ox and L2^red subpopulations at the L2 stage, based on BioSorter analysis during sorting. Data represent mean ± SEM. n, number of worms. Unpaired t-test, two sided.

^∥Sample compared to the reduced subpopulation.

^¶lifespan assays performed in the lifespan machine (see methods).