. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Demography. 2019 Oct;56(5):1791–1825. doi: 10.1007/s13524-019-00813-2

Table 4.

Effects of union status on health outcomes for heterosexuals: NHIS, 2013–2017 (N = 150,403)

	Self-rated Health (odds ratios)				Functional Limitation (incidence rate ratios)
	Model 1a	Model 2a	Model 3a	Model 4a	Model 1b	Model 2b	Model 3b	Model 4b
Union Status (ref. = married)
Cohabiting	0.67^***	0.86^***	0.78^***	0.90^***	1.40^***	1.15^***	1.26^***	1.12^**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Never married	0.76^***	0.89^***	0.83^***	0.90^***	1.26^***	1.15^***	1.18^***	1.15^***
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Previously married	0.69^***	0.92^***	0.78^***	0.94^**	1.43^***	1.11^***	1.27^***	1.10^***
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Income ($1,000s)		1.004^***		1.004^***		0.998^***		0.998^***
		(0.00)		(0.00)		(0.00)		(0.00)
Education (ref. = less than high school)
High school or equivalent		13.7^***		1.32^***		0.90^***		0.92^***
		(0.03)		(0.03)		(0.02)		(0.02)
Some college		1.56^***		1.39^***		0.92^***		0.98
		(0.04)		(0.04)		(0.02)		(0.02)
Bachelor’s degree or above		2.23^***		1.81^***		0.69^***		0.80^***
		(0.06)		(0.05)		(0.02)		(0.02)
Employment (ref. = working/schooling)
Unemployed/unable to work		0.39^***		0.41^***		3.30^***		3.02^***
		(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.06)		(0.06)
Retired		0.92^**		0.91^***		1.66^***		1.63^***
		(0.02)		(0.02)		(0.03)		(0.03)
Perceived Financial Strain		0.68^***		0.70^***		1.44^***		1.42^***
		(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Current Smoker			0.46^***	0.64^***			1.79^***	1.27^***
			(0.01)	(0.01)			(0.04)	(0.03)
Drinking (ref. = not a current drinker)
Drinker, 1–2 drinks per day of drinking			1.51^***	1.22^***			0.73^***	0.89^***
			(0.02)	(0.02)			(0.01)	(0.02)
Drinker, 3+ drinks per day of drinking			1.26^***	1.09^***			0.75^***	0.91^***
			(0.03)	(0.02)			(0.02)	(0.02)
Vigorous Exercise 2+ Times per Week			2.11^***	1.79^***			0.45^***	0.57^***
			(0.03)	(0.03)			(0.01)	(0.01)
Age	0.97^***	0.97^***	0.97^***	0.97^***	1.04^***	1.04^***	1.04^***	1.04^***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Female (ref. = male)	0.97^*	1.10^***	1.00	1.12^***	1.40^***	1.30^***	1.36^***	1.27^***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Race (ref. = white)
Black	0.66^***	0.85^***	0.69^***	0.84^***	1.18^***	0.96	1.15^***	0.97
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)
Asian and others	0.84^***	0.88^***	0.91^***	0.92^**	0.87^***	0.82^***	0.83^***	0.80^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Hispanic (ref. = non-Hispanic)	0.67^***	1.08^**	0.71^***	1.04	0.96	0.70^***	0.92^**	0.71^***
	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Region of Residence (ref. = Northeast)
Midwest	0.84^***	0.89^***	0.88^***	0.90^***	1.19^***	1.19^***	1.17^***	1.19^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
South	0.86^***	0.92^***	0.90^***	0.93^**	1.20^***	1.14^***	1.15^***	1.14^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
West	0.94^*	0.95	0.90^***	0.92^**	1.11^***	1.14^***	1.16^***	1.17^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Survey Year (ref. = 2013)
2014	1.05^*	1.00	1.04	1.00	0.94^*	1.01	0.94^*	1.00
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
2015	1.02	0.93^***	0.99	0.93^***	1.02	1.12^***	1.04	1.11^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
2016	1.01	0.90^***	0.96	0.90^***	1.05	1.15^***	1.09^**	1.17^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
2017	1.04	0.89^***	0.97	0.87^***	0.98	1.13^***	1.04	1.15^***
	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001