Table 1.

Characteristics of 8732 Hospitalizations for Opioid Use–Associated Infective Endocarditis, 2003–2016 National Inpatient Sample, Weighted %

	2003–2007		2008–2011		2012–2016		P a
	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Unweighted discharges	1999	187	1333	245	3859	1109	-	-
Weighted discharges	9494	902	6397	1168	19 295	5545	-	-
Mean age, y	41.3	43.5	42.9	43.3	38.8	36.6	<.0001	<.0001
Age categories							<.0001	<.0001
≤25 y	9.9	12.1	12.8	15.4	16.5	18.4
26–35 y	23.6	28.0	26.9	28.8	35.3	39.1
36–45 y	30.5	28.2	22.2	18.5	18.6	20.6
46–55 y	26.5	12.8	22.2	21.9	16.1	11.5
56–65 y	6.3	5.2	11.1	8.5	8.7	6.3
≥66 y	3.2	13.6	4.8	6.9	4.8	4.1
Sexb							.90	.31
Male	52.2	50.6	55.2	48.8	52.4	46.3
Female	47.8	49.4	44.7	51.2	47.6	53.7
Race/ethnicityb							<.0001	.20
White	52.6	87.6	62.8	89.2	73.7	91.3
Black	30.2	6.1	21.6	4.1	13.2	2.1
Hispanic	12.6	3.0	11.7	3.9	9.6	2.7
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.4	0.8	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.6
Native American	0.3	1.7	0.2	0	0.5	2.3
Other	3.9	0.8	3.3	1.9	2.6	1.0
Payerb							<.0001	.0001
Medicare	11.3	22.8	15.0	22.1	14.3	15.8
Medicaid	43.4	38.9	43.4	36.4	52.7	52.9
Private insurance	14.4	12.7	13.0	11.8	14.1	10.8
Self-pay	21.5	15.7	20.4	20.0	13.8	16.4
No charge	2.9	0.5	2.3	4.0	1.8	1.2
Other	6.5	9.4	5.8	5.8	3.4	3.0
Income quartile							<.0001	.17
1 (lowest income)	43.0	53.0	36.6	54.9	33.1	58.3
2	22.0	32.2	19.5	34.2	21.0	31.7
3	18.8	11.5	25.1	9.5	23.4	8.7
4 (highest income)	16.2	3.3	18.9	1.4	22.5	1.3
Type of hospital							.49	.0001
Rural	0.3	55.5	0.2	54.0	0.1	37.6
Urban nonteaching	24.8	13.4	32.8	12.6	23.7	11.9
Urban teaching	74.9	31.1	67.0	33.4	76.2	50.5
Hospital region							.45	.22
Northeast	32.8	17.9	27.8	7.6	28.5	12.2
Midwest	15.7	20.8	17.2	19.9	16.9	22.1
South	30.3	41.6	31.6	51.3	30.3	49.4
West	21.2	19.8	23.4	21.3	24.3	16.3
Transferred in from another hospital/facilityc	-	-	10.8	22.3	15.5	38.2	-	-

^aFor comparison of 2003–2007 vs 2012–2016 data.

^bMay not sum to 100 due to rounding.

^cBetween 2008, when data on this variable were first obtained, and 2016.