Table 3.
Multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CIs)* of cardiometabolic risk factors according to vitamin D status
| Cardiometabolic risk factors† | Vitamin D status‡ | ||||
| Adequacy | Inadequacy | Deficiency | P for trend | Insufficiency (inadequacy and deficiency) |
|
| Overall | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.11) | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.23) | 0.458 | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.08) |
| Hypertension | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.50)§ | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.34) | 0.823 | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.42) |
| High TC | 1.00 | 1.67 (1.07 to 2.62)§ | 1.55 (0.96 to 2.51) | 0.052 | 1.80 (1.16 to 2.80)§ |
| High LDL-C | 1.00 | 1.56 (1.02 to 2.40)§ | 1.42 (0.89 to 2.27) | 0.209 | 1.56 (1.02 to 2.38)§ |
| Low HDL-C | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.56) | 1.36 (0.99 to 1.85) | 0.459 | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.43) |
| High TG | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.81 to 1.80) | 2.05 (1.35 to 3.10)§ | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.12 to 2.41)§ |
| Hyperglycemia | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.36)§ | 1.24 (1.05 to 1.46)§ | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.26 to 1.70)§ |
| Insulin resistance | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.94 to 1.32) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.43) | 0.915 | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.21) |
| Boys | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.64) | 0.78 (0.49 to 1.23) | 0.227 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.47) |
| Hypertension | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.45) | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.18) | 0.162 | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) |
| High TC | 1.00 | 1.46 (0.92 to 2.32) | 1.61 (0.94 to 2.75) | 0.095 | 1.50 (0.96 to 2.34) |
| High LDL-C | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.70 to 2.03) | 1.42 (0.78 to 2.59) | 0.247 | 1.25 (0.75 to 2.10) |
| Low HDL-C | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.52 to 1.90) | 1.05 (0.49 to 2.23) | 0.902 | 1.01 (0.54 to 1.88) |
| High TG | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.86 to 1.76) | 1.85 (1.23 to 2.76)§ | 0.002 | 1.38 (0.98 to 1.94) |
| Hyperglycemia | 1.00 | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.51)§ | 1.45 (1.14 to 1.83)§ | 0.002 | 1.29 (1.07 to 1.57)§ |
| Insulin resistance | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.37) | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.44) | 0.515 | 1.09 (0.87 to 1.36) |
| Girls | |||||
| Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.69) | 1.22 (0.80 to 1.86) | 0.389 | 1.17 (0.81 to 1.70) |
| Hypertension | 1.00 | 1.54 (1.10 to 2.16)§ | 1.66 (1.16 to 2.39)§ | 0.018 | 1.58 (1.14 to 2.19)§ |
| High TC | 1.00 | 1.88 (1.17 to 3.01)§ | 1.54 (0.91 to 2.59) | 0.317 | 1.77 (1.12 to 2.82)§ |
| High LDL-C | 1.00 | 1.85 (1.10 to 3.11)§ | 1.29 (0.72 to 2.31) | 0.902 | 1.66 (0.99 to 2.78) |
| Low HDL-C | 1.00 | 1.62 (0.75 to 3.50) | 2.25 (0.92 to 5.53) | 0.076 | 1.75 (0.83 to 3.70) |
| High TG | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.77 to 1.71) | 2.10 (1.37 to 3.24)§ | <0.001 | 1.39 (0.95 to 2.02) |
| Hyperglycemia | 1.00 | 1.65 (1.28 to 2.13)§ | 2.16 (1.64 to 2.85)§ | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.41 to 2.31)§ |
| Insulin resistance | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.26) | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.26) | 0.705 | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.24) |
*The analysis was adjusted for age, sex (not for adjusted in stratified analysis), season of blood collection, geographical location, smoking, drinking, physical activity, dietary vitamin D intake, body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (FMP), and muscle mass index (MMI).
†The diagnostic criteria are as follows: Abdominal obesity was defined as waist to height ratio ≥0.515; Hypertension was classified by the 95th sex, age and height-specific blood pressure cut-points of Chinese standard16; Abnormal blood lipids levels were classified by the age and sex-specific lipoprotein cut-points of Chinese children17; Hyperglycemia was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L18; Insulin Rresistance was defined by the World Health OrganizationWHO as values in the highest quartile of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).19
‡Vitamin D status was classified by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation: deficiency, <30 nmol/L; inadequacy, 30 to <50 nmol/L; adequacy, ≥50 nmol/L.20
§Significantly different from the referent category, vitamin D adequacy group.
HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.