Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the ESTHER diabetes subcohort and the DIANA cohort
| Baseline characteristics | Cohorts | |
| ESTHER (n=1045), N (%)* |
DIANA (n=1101), N (%)* |
|
| Age (years) | ||
| <60 | 57 (5.4) | 206 (18.7) |
| 60–<70 | 441 (42.2) | 313 (28.4) |
| 70–<80 | 473 (45.3) | 455 (41.4) |
| ≥80 | 74 (7.1) | 127 (11.5) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 541 (51.8) | 605 (54.9) |
| Female | 504 (48.2) | 496 (45.6) |
| Education† | ||
| Low | 816 (78.1) | 806 (73.2) |
| Medium | 130 (12.4) | 197 (17.9) |
| High | 99 (9.5) | 98 (9.9) |
| BMI (kg/m²) | ||
| <25 | 142 (13.6) | 149 (13.5) |
| 25–<30 | 466 (44.6) | 431 (39.1) |
| 30–<35 | 305 (29.2) | 340 (30.9) |
| 35–<40 | 92 (8.8) | 108 (9.9) |
| ≥40 | 40 (3.8) | 73 (6.6) |
| Smoking | ||
| Never smoker | 503 (48.1) | 531 (48.2) |
| Former smoker | 453 (43.4) | 441 (40.1) |
| Current smoker, smoking 0–15 g tobacco/day | 45 (4.3) | 65 (5.9) |
| Current smoker, smoking >15 g tobacco/day | 44 (4.2) | 64 (5.8) |
| Alcohol consumption‡ | ||
| Abstainer | 466 (44.5) | 402 (36.6) |
| Low consumption | 533 (51.0) | 629 (57.1) |
| Moderate consumption | 33 (3.2) | 48 (4.3) |
| High consumption | 13 (1.2) | 22 (2.0) |
| Physical activity§ | ||
| Inactive | 582 (55.7) | 277 (25.2) |
| Active | 463 (44.3) | 824 (74.8) |
| Daily vegetable consumption | ||
| No | 852 (81.6) | 735 (66.7) |
| Yes | 193 (18.4) | 366 (33.3) |
| Daily fruit consumption | ||
| No | 417 (39.9) | 365 (33.2) |
| Yes | 628 (60.1) | 736 (66.8) |
| HbA1c (%) | ||
| <6 | 227 (21.7) | 151 (13.7) |
| 6–<7 | 489 (46.8) | 575 (52.2) |
| 7–<8 | 252 (24.1) | 241 (21.9) |
| ≥8 | 77 (7.4) | 134 (12.2) |
| Diabetes medication | ||
| No | 348 (33.3) | 276 (25.1) |
| Oral antidiabetics | 501 (47.9) | 592 (53.8) |
| Insulin | 196 (18.8) | 233 (21.1) |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis (years) | ||
| <5 | 445 (42.6) | 358 (32.5) |
| 5–<10 | 325 (31.1) | 300 (27.3) |
| 10–<20 | 205 (19.6) | 346 (31.4) |
| ≥20 | 70 (6.7) | 97 (8.8) |
| Renal dysfunction¶ | ||
| No | 748 (71.6) | 800 (72.6) |
| Yes | 297 (28.4) | 301 (27.4) |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | 299 (28.6) | 238 (21.6) |
| Yes | 746 (71.4) | 863 (78.4) |
| History of stroke | ||
| No | 927 (88.7) | 1035 (94.0) |
| Yes | 128 (11.3) | 66 (6.0) |
| History of myocardial infarction | ||
| No | 916 (87.7) | 1007 (91.5) |
| Yes | 129 (12.3) | 94 (8.5) |
| Coronary heart disease | ||
| No | 737 (70.5) | 897 (81.5) |
| Yes | 308 (29.5) | 203 (18.5) |
| Heart failure | ||
| No | 828 (79.2) | 963 (87.5) |
| Yes | 217 (20.8) | 138 (12.5) |
| History of cancer | ||
| No | 907 (86.8) | 990 (89.9) |
| Yes | 138 (13.2) | 111 (10.1) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||
| <200 | 379 (36.3) | 392 (35.6) |
| 200–<280 | 568 (54.3) | 568 (51.6) |
| ≥280 | 98 (9.4) | 141 (12.8) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||
| <40 | 158 (15.1) | 268 (24.4) |
| 40–<80 | 840 (80.4) | 772 (70.1) |
| ≥80 | 47 (4.5) | 61 (5.5) |
| CRP (mg/L) | ||
| ≤3 | 606 (58.0) | 658 (59.8) |
| >3–≤10 | 338 (32.3) | 349 (31.7) |
| >10 | 101 (9.7) | 94 (8.5) |
| D-ROM (Carr unit) | ||
| ≤400 | 805 (77.0) | 677 (61.5) |
| >400 | 240 (23.0) | 425 (38.5) |
*Numbers shown were drawn from a data set with imputed missing values.
†Definition of low, medium and high education were ≤9, 10–11 and ≥12 years of school education, respectively.
‡Definition of low alcohol consumption: women >0–<20 and men >0–<40 g ethanol per day. Definition of moderate alcohol consumption: women ≥20–<40 and men ≥40 –<60 g ethanol per day. Definition of high alcohol consumption: women ≥40 and men ≥60 g ethanol per day.
§Inactive: 0 hour of vigorous physical activity/week; active: >0 hour of vigorous physical activity/week.
¶Renal dysfunction was defined by an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m².
BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; DIANA, Diabetes mellitus: Neue Wege der Optimierung der allgemeinärztlichen Betreuung; D-ROM, Diacron’s reactive oxygen metabolites; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESTHER, Epidemiologische Studie zu Chancen der Verhütung, Früherkennung und optimierten Therapie chronischer Erkrankungen in der älteren Bevölkerung; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.