Table 2.

Factors associated with oxidative stress cross-sectionally

Parameter	GLM results with continuous D-ROM as dependent variable		Logistic regression results with D-ROM >400 Carr U as dependent variable
	ß	P value	OR (95% CI)
Sex	55.17	<0.01	4.64 (4.16 to 5.16)
Education
Low	Ref		Ref
Medium	2.66	0.54	1.12 (0.99 to 1.27)
High	−5.81	0.27	0.57 (0.47 to 0.68)
BMI (kg/m²)
<25	Ref		Ref
25–<30	−4.93	0.29	1.13 (0.98 to 1.31)
30–<35	1.76	0.72	1.35 (1.16 to 1.57)
35–<40	7.02	0.27	1.64 (1.35 to 1.98)
≥40	26.59	0.001	2.83 (2.25 to 3.55)
Smoking
Never smoker	Ref		Ref
Former smoker	3.46	0.32	1.20 (1.08 to 1.34)
Current smoker, smoking 0–15 g tobacco/day	30.09	<0.01	2.23 (1.82 to 2.74)
Current smoker, smoking >15 g tobacco/day	24.65	<0.01	2.17 (1.76 to 2.68)
HbA1c (%)
<6	Ref		Ref
6–<7	1.48	0.73	1.06 (0.93 to 1.21)
7–<8	10.35	0.04	1.32 (1.12 to 1.54)
≥8	4.08	0.53	1.38 (1.13 to 1.68)
Diabetes medication
No	Ref		Ref
Oral antidiabetics	−15.50	<0.01	0.57 (0.51 to 0.63)
Insulin	−7.95	0.09	0.71 (0.62 to 0.82)
History of stroke	−11.71	0.03	0.85 (0.72 to 1.02)
History of myocardial infarction	7.45	0.20	1.31 (1.08 to 1.56)
Coronary heart disease	4.24	0.33	1.05 (0.91 to 1.20)
Heart failure	15.10	<0.01	1.42 (1.25 to 1.62)
History of cancer	13.74	<0.01	1.50 (1.31 to 1.73)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
<200	Ref		Ref
200–<280	11.86	<0.01	1.32 (1.19 to 1.47)
≥280	18.77	<0.01	1.54 (1.32 to 1.80)

Pooled effect estimates from the ESTHER type 2 diabetes subcohort (n=1045) and the DIANA study (n=1101).

All variables shown in the table were assessed simultaneously in the same multivariable model. Numbers shown were generated from a data set with imputed missing values.

Results in bold highlight statistically significant findings (P < 0.05).

BMI, body mass index; DIANA, Diabetes mellitus: Neue Wege der Optimierung der allgemeinärztlichen Betreuung; D-ROM, Diacron’s reactive oxygen metabolites; ESTHER, Epidemiologische Studie zu Chancen der Verhütung, Früherkennung und optimierten Therapie chronischer Erkrankungen in der älteren Bevölkerung; GLM, generalized linear model; HbA_1c, glycated haemoglobin A_1c.