Table 3.
Factors associated with oxidative stress longitudinally
| Parameter | GLM results with continuous Δ D-ROM as dependent variable |
Logistic regression results with follow-up D-ROM >400 Carr U as dependent variable |
|
| ß | P value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| <60 | Ref | Ref | |
| 60–<70 | 6.96 | 0.17 | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.54) |
| 70–<80 | 9.68 | 0.07 | 1.50 (1.19 to 1.88) |
| ≥80 | 15.62 | 0.03 | 1.74 (1.26 to 2.41) |
| Female sex | 14.79 | <0.01 | 2.12 (1.75 to 2.56) |
| BMI (kg/m²) | |||
| <25 | Ref | Ref | |
| 25–<30 | −3.37 | 0.45 | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.14) |
| 30–<35 | −1.67 | 0.72 | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97) |
| 35–<40 | 10.10 | 0.10 | 1.94 (1.48 to 2.54) |
| ≥40 | 16.94 | 0.03 | 1.78 (1.25 to 2.52) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never smoker | Ref | Ref | |
| Former smoker | 1.61 | 0.63 | 1.34 (1.15 to 1.56) |
| Current smoker, smoking 0–15 g tobacco/day |
10.43 | 0.15 | 1.39 (1.03 to 1.88) |
| Current smoker, smoking >15 g tobacco/day |
17.56 | 0.02 | 1.56 (1.11 to 2.19) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Abstainer | Ref | Ref | |
| Low consumption | 4.21 | 0.19 | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) |
| Moderate consumption | −0.38 | 0.96 | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.77) |
| High consumption | 14.35 | 0.25 | 2.09 (1.18 to 3.70) |
| Physical activity (active) | −6.77 | 0.03 | 0.86 (0.75 to 1.00) |
| Diabetes medication | |||
| No | Ref | Ref | |
| Oral antidiabetics | 0.32 | 0.93 | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.04) |
| Insulin | 10.45 | 0.03 | 1.20 (0.97 to 1.45) |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis (years) | |||
| <5 | Ref | Ref | |
| 5–<10 | −4.13 | 0.29 | 1.33 (1.34 to 1.57) |
| 10–<20 | −1.76 | 0.67 | 1.24 (1.03 to 1.48) |
| ≥20 | −5.74 | 0.40 | 1.25 (0.95 to 1.65) |
| Baseline D-ROM (per 10 Carr units) | −4.71 | <0.01 | 1.21 (1.19 to 1.22) |
Pooled effect estimates from the ESTHER type 2 diabetes subcohort (n=731) and the DIANA study (n=740).
All variables shown in the table were assessed simultaneously in the same multivariable model. Numbers shown were generated from a data set with imputed missing values.
Results in bold highlight statistically significant findings (P<0.05).
BMI, body mass index; DIANA, Diabetes mellitus: Neue Wege der Optimierung der allgemeinärztlichen Betreuung; D-ROM, Diacron’s reactive oxygen metabolites; ESTHER, Epidemiologische Studie zu Chancen der Verhütung, Früherkennung und optimierten Therapie chronischer Erkrankungen in der älteren Bevölkerung; GLM, generalized linear model.