Table 2.

Multivariable linear regression analysis results for fetuin-A associations with changes in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β from the first to the second trimester

	Change in fasting insulin		Change in HOMA-IR		Change in HOMA-β
	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value
Fetuin-A in the first trimester	−0.005	0.0049	−0.001	0.142	−0.153	0.008
Change in fetuin-A from the first to the second trimester	0.032	<0.001	0.007	<0.001	0.426	0.001

Adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) before oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), gestational age at enrollment, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), daily intake of calories, and weekly physical activity time.

HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.