Table 1.
Maternal and neonatal characteristics in a nested matched (1:1) study of the newborns of GDM and controls in the Shanghai Birth Cohort
| GDM (n=153) | Control (n=153) | P value* | |
| Mothers | |||
| Mother’s age (years) | 30.35±3.67 | 29.86±3.37 | 0.192 |
| >35 | 17 (11.1) | 10 (6.5) | 0.127 |
| Drinking alcohol | 9 (7.1) | 14 (11.3) | 0.796 |
| Smoking | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.7) | 1.000 |
| Family history of diabetes | 25 (16.5) | 14 (9.5) | 0.056 |
| Education, university degree | 96 (62.8) | 92 (60.5) | 0.749 |
| Primiparous | 124 (81.1) | 124 (81.1) | 1.000 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.59±4.26 | 21.59±2.93 | <0.001 |
| BMI category | <0.001 | ||
| <18.5 underweight | 10 (8.1) | 14 (11.5) | |
| 18.5–24.0 normal weight | 64 (51.6) | 86 (70.5) | |
| 24+ overweight/obese | 50 (40.3) | 22 (18.0) | |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 11.98±7.85 | 15.76±4.21 | <0.001 |
| z score | −0.35±1.03 | 0.17±0.85 | <0.001 |
| Caesarean delivery | 76 (54.3) | 46 (33.1) | <0.001 |
| 75 g OGTT (24–28 weeks) | |||
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | |||
| Fasting | 4.81±0.53 | 4.41±0.40 | <0.001 |
| 1 hour | 9.87±1.60 | 7.42±1.37 | <0.001 |
| 2 hour | 8.04±1.64 | 6.19±1.10 | <0.001 |
| Insulin for glucose control | 13 (8.5%) | ||
| Newborns | |||
| Birth weight (g) | 3435.88±488.73 | 3354.61±435.65 | 0.093 |
| z score | 0.40±1.16 | 0.15±0.98 | 0.044 |
| Birth length (cm) | 49.89±1.24 | 49.72±1.48 | 0.298 |
| z score | 0.04±1.06 | −0.10±1.04 | 0.280 |
| Sex, male | 83 (54.2) | 83 (54.2) | 1.000 |
| GA | 39.14±1.22 | 39.33±1.23 | <0.001 |
| Birth weight for GA | 0.216 | ||
| SGA | 10 (6.5) | 10 (6.5) | |
| AGA | 119 (77.8) | 129 (84.3) | |
| LGA | 24 (15.7) | 14 (9.2) |
Data presented are mean±SD or n (%).
*P values from paired t-tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables (McNemar's χ2 tests for dichotomous variables). P values in bold, p<0.05.
AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BMI, body mass index; GA, gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA, large for gestational age (>90th percentile); OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SGA, small for gestational age (<10th percentile, according to the Chinese sex and GA-specific birthweight standards).