Table 4.

Associations of cord blood fetuin-A with birth length and birthweight z scores in the newborns of GDM and euglycemic (control) mothers

	Crude	P value	Adjusted	P value
	β (95% CI)		β (95% CI)
All GDM*
Birth weight z score	−0.55 (−1.02 to −0.08)	0.022	−0.45 (−0.88 to −0.03)	0.036
Birth length z score	−0.64 (−1.08 to −0.21)	0.004	−0.52 (−0.93 to −0.12)	0.012
GDM* without insulin treatment
Birth weight z score	−0.59 (−1.06 to −0.12)	0.014	−0.56 (−0.97 to −0.14)	0.009
Birth length z score	−0.60 (−1.04 to −0.15)	0.009	−0.54 (−0.95 to −0.13)	0.010
Control
Birth weight z score	0.25 (−0.17 to 0.68)	0.241	0.23 (−0.15 to 0.66)	0.274
Birth length z score	0.17 (−0.31 to 0.65)	0.489	0.25 (−0.24 to 0.75)	0.308

Data (β) presented are the changes in fetal growth (birth weight or birth length z score) per natural log unit increment in cord blood fetuin-A concentration from generalized linear models without (crude) or with adjustment for maternal parity, prepregnancy Body Mass Index category, gestational weight gain (z score), family history of diabetes, mode of delivery and gestational age; other maternal and neonatal factors were excluded in the adjusted models since they were non-significant and did not affect the effect estimates. These regression coefficients for fetuin-A in relation to fetal growth were similar in the models with further adjustment for fetal growth factors (insulin, IGF-I or IGF-II; data not shown). P values in bold, p<0.05.

*There were significant interactions between GDM status and fetuin-A in relation to birthweight z score (p=0.013) or birth length z score (p=0.014).

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IGF, insulin-like growth factor.