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. 2019 Nov 27;13(2):357–370. doi: 10.1038/s41385-019-0231-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Type 1 immune response dominates early Hpb infection. RNA sequencing results comparing duodenal tissue from uninfected to Hpb-infected mice. IFNγ-inducible genes (red) are indicative of a Type 1 immune response, while IL-4/13-inducible genes (green) represent a Type 2 immune response. Pathway analyses show response to cytokine (IFNγ; Gene Ontology’s GO:0034097), response to Interleukin-4 (IL4; GO:0070670), and response to Interleukin-13 (IL-13; GO:0035962) (left panels). Statistical significance chosen at the FDR 10% level. Volcano plot shows P value (P) of gene expression fold change (FC) for each gene (dot) (right panels). Histograms of data points represented as curves. Selected genes are highlighted. a Day 2 Hpb infection vs uninfected. b Day 4 Hpb infection vs uninfected (n = 2 mice per group). c Fold change relative to uninfected for Ifng and Il13 mRNA expression in uninfected and Hpb-infected WT duodenal tissue (n = 2–11). c Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnet’s post test for multiple comparisons, using uninfected as the control group (**p < 0.01). Error bars, SEM.