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. 2020 Feb 24;10:3229. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60213-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metformin reduced IFN-α expression in primary human PBMCs via the mTORC1 pathway. (a) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-DM individuals (n = 5) were treated with metformin (Met) or rapamycin (Rapa) for 30 min. Drug-treated PBMCs were incubated with poly I:C or influenza whole-virion for 3 h before RNA extraction. IFN-α mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR. Expression is shown as fold expression. Each point represents an individual. Statistical analyses were undertaken using one-way ANOVA. Horizontal lines represent the median and interquartile range. (b) The same PBMC samples were treated with Met or Rapa for 30 min before incubation with influenza whole-virion for 3 h, followed by determination of total p70S6k and P-p70S6K (Thr³⁸⁹) by western blotting. The data are representative of three individuals. (c) Relative density of p70S6K. (d) Ratio of relative density of P-p70S6K/p70S6K. Each colour bar represents each condition. Each dot represents an individual. The bar graph represents mean values. Statistical analyses were carried out using two-way ANOVA, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.