Table 4.

Strategies to improve translation of gnotobiotic murine model results to human application.

1. Use clinically relevant human microbial strains for selective colonization

2. Collect specimens from donors with important clinical disease phenotypes and matched healthy controls for FMT → “humanized” ex-GF mice

3. Validate results in at least two separate recipient GF strains or different inflammatory models, preferably with different mechanism of disease induction

4. For therapeutic studies, use treatment as well as preventive protocols

5. Cautiously interpret results