TABLE 1.
Physicochemical soil properties (1-way ANOVA).
| Treatments | Organic matter (g/kg) | Available P (mg/kg) | pHwater | Soil moisture (% w/w) | Available N (mg/kg) | Available K (mg/kg) |
| Sowing methods | ||||||
| TS | 8.9b | 6.52c | 7.12 | 29.8c | 63 | 103 |
| FMR&F | 11.2a | 8.12a | 7.11 | 37.2a | 63 | 103 |
| WR&NF | 9.4b | 7.20bc | 7.09 | 30.7bc | 61 | 103 |
| CK | 9.6b | 7.65ab | 7.02 | 27.8d | 66 | 105 |
| Sampling sites | ||||||
| rhizosphere | 9.5b | 6.98b | 7.05b | 34.1a | 59 b | 99 b |
| non-rhizosphere | 10.0a | 7.60a | 7.12a | 30.2b | 66 a | 106 a |
| Soil layers | ||||||
| 0–20 cm | 13.8a | 11.98a | 7.17a | 36.0a | 94 a | 129 a |
| 20–40 cm | 8.6b | 5.97b | 7.08ab | 31.9b | 53 b | 95 b |
| 40–60 cm | 6.9c | 4.04c | 7.02b | 27.7c | 42 c | 85 c |
a, b, c Means are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (Tukey HSD) for the three main factors separately; TS, drilled using a mechanical seeder with rows spaced 20 cm apart without film mulching; FMR&F, film-mulched ridge (an arc with 40 cm wide base and 10 cm height) and furrow (rows spaced 15 cm) sowing method by using an all-in-one machine; WR&NF, wide ridge (25 cm wide base and 12 cm height) and narrow furrow (depth 8 cm, sown into the top-edges of the furrow, rows spaced 12 cm) sowing method by using an all-in-one machine; CK, control (fallow land).