. 2019 Aug 14;17(1):69–79. doi: 10.1007/s10433-019-00524-y

Table 2.

Sex differences in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) over age groups and European regions, adjusted for wave, among participants in SHARE, interviewed from 2004–2005 to 2015

ADL	All countries		Northern Europe^a		Western Europe^b		Southern Europe^c		Eastern Europe^d
ADL	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value
Age 50–64	0.001 (− 0.005, 0.007)	0.730	0.007 (− 0.005, 0.018)	0.263	− 0.006 (− 0.015, 0.003)	0.171	0.015 (0.005, 0.024)	0.003	− 0.013 (− 0.040, 0.014)	0.353
Age 65–79	0.031 (0.023, 0.039)	< 0.001	0.000 (− 0.014, 0.013)	0.955	0.017 (0.005, 0.029)	0.006	0.053 (0.040, 0.066)	< 0.001	0.043 (0.017, 0.069)	0.001
Age 80+	0.089 (0.066, 0.112)	< 0.001	0.040 (0.003, 0.077)	0.036	0.056 (0.021, 0.091)	0.002	0.143 (0.104, 0.182)	< 0.001	0.098 (0.035, 0.161)	0.002
Overall	0.013 (0.008, 0.018)	< 0.001	0.006 (− 0.003, 0.015)	0.197	0.003 (− 0.005, 0.010)	0.462	0.029 (0.021, 0.037)	< 0.001	0.006 (− 0.015, 0.026)	0.592

ADL	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age 50–64	1.00 (0.90, 1.11)	0.948	1.13 (0.91, 1.39)	0.268	0.90 (0.78, 1.04)	0.154	1.37 (1.11, 1.70)	0.004	0.88 (0.67, 1.15)	0.338
Age 65–79	1.29 (1.21, 1.38)	< 0.001	1.00 (0.85, 1.16)	0.977	1.15 (1.04, 1.28)	0.008	1.55 (1.39, 1.73)	< 0.001	1.30 (1.12, 1.50)	0.001
Age 80+	1.29 (1.20, 1.38)	< 0.001	1.17 (1.01, 1.35)	0.038	1.18 (1.07, 1.31)	0.002	1.47 (1.32, 1.64)	< 0.001	1.28 (1.08, 1.52)	0.005
Overall	1.21 (1.16, 1.27)	< 0.001	1.10 (0.99, 1.21)	0.067	1.09 (1.02, 1.17)	0.010	1.48 (1.37, 1.60)	< 0.001	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)	0.029

IADL	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value	Risk difference (95% CI)	P value
Age 50–64	0.035 (0.029, 0.042)	< 0.001	0.051 (0.034, 0.068)	< 0.001	0.035 (0.025, 0.045)	< 0.001	0.037 (0.026, 0.047)	< 0.001	0.018 (− 0.010, 0.046)	0.205
Age 65–79	0.092 (0.083, 0.102)	< 0.001	0.053 (0.037, 0.069)	< 0.001	0.071 (0.057, 0.085)	< 0.001	0.123 (0.107, 0.140)	< 0.001	0.113 (0.084, 0.142)	< 0.001
Age 80+	0.172 (0.149, 0.195)	< 0.001	0.112 (0.071, 0.152)	< 0.001	0.148 (0.115, 0.182)	< 0.001	0.216 (0.177, 0.256)	< 0.001	0.163 (0.095, 0.230)	< 0.001
Overall	0.057 (0.051, 0.062)	< 0.001	0.055 (0.042, 0.067)	< 0.001	0.050 (0.043, 0.058)	< 0.001	0.066 (0.057, 0.075)	< 0.001	0.047 (0.025, 0.069)	< 0.001

IADL	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value	Risk ratio (95% CI)	P value
Age 50–64	1.55 (1.41, 1.69)	< 0.001	1.97 (1.55, 2.50)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.35, 1.73)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.53, 2.17)	< 0.001	1.18 (0.93, 1.49)	0.176
Age 65–79	1.69 (1.60, 1.78)	< 0.001	1.49 (1.32, 1.69)	< 0.001	1.56 (1.43, 1.70)	< 0.001	1.91 (1.75, 2.09)	< 0.001	1.56 (1.39, 1.75)	< 0.001
Age 80+	1.43 (1.36, 1.50)	< 0.001	1.32 (1.20, 1.47)	< 0.001	1.39 (1.28, 1.50)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.41, 1.67)	< 0.001	1.32 (1.16, 1.51)	< 0.001
Overall	1.54 (1.48, 1.60)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.39, 1.65)	< 0.001	1.47 (1.39, 1.56)	< 0.001	1.71 (1.61, 1.82)	< 0.001	1.37 (1.25, 1.50)	< 0.001

^aDenmark and Sweden

^bAustria, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Ireland and Luxembourg

^cSpain Italy, Greece, and Portugal

^dCzech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia and Croatia