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. 2020 Jan 17;12(1):25–39. doi: 10.1007/s12551-020-00621-8

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© International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

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Fig. 2 — a Observed distribution of ϕ-ψ dihedral angles for Pro in PDB. Atom numbering of Pro side chain is shown in the inset. b Two distinct isomerization equilibria in Pro: cis/trans and exo/endo. Both steric and stereoelectronic effects operative in the cis and the trans states are shown. c Observed distribution of ω-χ2 angles for Pro in PDB. The angle χ2 reflects endo (χ2 < 0)/exo (χ2 > 0) ring puckering, while the angle ω reflects cis (ω ~ 0)/trans (ω ~ ± 180) imide conformation. d Observed distributions of ϕ-ψ dihedral angles for trans Pro (exo and endo) in PDB. e Observed distributions of ϕ-ψ dihedral angles for cis Pro (exo and endo) in PDB. f Distribution of ϕ dihedral angles for trans-exo and trans-endo conformers (from panel d). g Distribution of ϕ dihedral angles for cis-exo and cis-endo conformers (from panel e)