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. 2020 Feb 18;14:11. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00011

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Copyright © 2020 van der Velden, Vinck and Wadman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three example neurons and their resonance spectra illustrate non-linear, band-pass filtering by the VTA dopamine neurons: The response to all frequencies (Poisson stimulation) is not a simple sum of the response to specific frequencies (regular stimulation). (A) PPC spectra for a neuron oscillating at around 2.3Hz (green and blue overlapping circles), during regular (green, 2Hz) and Poisson stimulation [blue, λ = 5, (mean ± sem)]. The average of the 100 emulated (surrogate) controls showed PPC values very close to zero. Regular stimulation showed some structure around 2Hz, but synchrony between neuron and laser was stronger for the Poisson stimulation. A visible harmonic structure is related to the neurons' oscillation frequency (2.3Hz) and the laser frequency (2Hz). (B) As in (A) for a neuron oscillating at 2Hz. During regular stimulation (green) strong synchrony was seen at 2Hz and its even harmonics (4, 6Hz), which were absent during Poisson stimulation. (C) As in (A) for a neuron oscillating around 3.5–4Hz (green and blue circles). During both protocols resonance was seen at 2Hz).