Table 2.
Selected SMD articles by stress response model and physiological patterns.
| Study | Sample age | Diagnosis (n) | Physiological measurement | Activation patterns of physiology | Inhibition patterns of physiology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stress Model: SNS and HPA Axis Focus | |||||
| Miller et al. (1999) | 4–49 | Fragile × Syndrome (15) Fragile × Mutation (25) | EDA (for SNS) | Greater EDA frequency and magnitude; Lower habituation rate | – |
| McIntosh et al. (1999) | 3–9 | SMD (19) TYP (19) | EDA (for SNS) | Greater EDA frequency and magnitude; Lower habituation rates | No EDA response to stimulation (n = 4) |
| Mangeot et al. (2001) | 5–13 | ADHD (26) TYP (30) | EDA (for SNS) | Greater EDA magnitude (early response to sensations) | – |
| Schoen et al. (2009) | 4–15 | SMD (31) ASD (38) TYP (33) | EDA (for SNS) | Greater response arousal of EDA (1st trial of sensory stimulation) (SMD); Greater EDA magnitude and amplitude (SMD); Habituation occurred | Lower arousal at baseline (ASD) No EDA response to stimulation found 20–35% of each subgroup |
| Su et al. (2010) | 4–8 | SMD (14) TYP (17) | EDA (for SNS) | Greater EDA frequency and magnitude; Slower habituation | – |
| Miller et al. (2012) | 6–12 | SMD (37) ADHD (28) SMD and ADHD (12) TYP (30) | EDA (for SNS) | Greater EDA magnitude (SMD vs. ADHD and TYP) | – |
| Reynolds et al. (2010) | 6–12 | ADHD w/ SMD (13) ADHD w/o SMD (11) TYP (24) | Salivary Cortisol (for HPA axis) | – | Blunted cortisol response (ADHD w/o SMD) |
| Lane et al. (2010) | 6–12 | ADHD (18); TYP (36); ADHD w SOR (21); TYP w SOR (9) | EDA (for SNS) Salivary Cortisol (for HPA axis) | Twice as many non-specific EDA spikes post a challenge, during the recovery phase (ADHD w/ SOR) Elevated cortisol post a challenge (TYP and ADHD with SOR) | – |
| Stress Models: PNS Focus | |||||
| Schaaf et al. (2003) | 4–8 | SMD (9) TYP (6) | HRV (for PNS) | – | Significantly lower cardiac vagal tone Lower heart period |
| Schaaf et al. (2010) | 5–12 | TYP (40); Severe SMD (15); Moderate SMD (13) Borderline SMD (11) | HRV (for PNS) | – | Severe SMD—lower mean vagal tone during baseline, tones, and prolonged auditory stimulation |
| Stress Models: SNS and PNS Focus | |||||
| No studies specific to SMD done at this time with both biomarkers | |||||
Note: All studies included used Sensory Challenge Protocol (SCP). SMD, Sensory modulation disorder; TYP, Typical; ADHD, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; EDA, Electrodermal activity; HRV, Heart-rate Variability; SNS, Sympathetic nervous system; PNS, Parasympathetic nervous system; HPA-axis, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.