. 2019 Dec;19(4):2934–2944. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.14

Table 1.

The distribution of pregnant women's sleep characteristics and depressive symptoms

Sleep characteristics	N	%
Insomnia
Yes	157	36.0
No	279	64.0
Sleep duration /day^*
≤7	271	62.2
>7	165	37.8
Change in sleep habits in pregnancy
Yes	378	86.7
No	58	13.3
Type of change in sleep habits (n:378)
More before pregnancy-less now	351	80.5
Less before pregnancy-more now	27	6.2
Change in sleep habits in pregnancy
Decrease in sleep	351	80.5
Increase in sleep	27	6.2
No change	58	13.3
Snoring
Yes	77	17.7
No	359	82.3
Sleep during the day
Yes	112	25.7
No	324	74.3
Waking up feeling rested in the morning
Yes	168	38.5
No	268	61.5
Causes of insomnia ^**
Pain (Back, leg, pubic, contraction )	260	59.6
Frequent going to toilet at night	239	54.8
Not finding a comfortable position in bed	153	35.1
Twitching and spasms in legs	48	11.0
Psychological problems	31	7.1
Not breathing comfortably	9	2.1
Heartburn	9	2.1
Drugs used	2	0.5
Other^&	2	0.5
Taking preventive actions to reduce insomnia
Yes	127	41.5
No	179	58.5
Preventive actions^**
Consuming milk and dairy products	82	56.2
Taking a shower	48	32.9
Drug use	6	4.1
Walking	4	2.8
Massage	3	2.1
Other^¥	3	2.1
Depressive symptoms^£
Yes	166	38.1
No	270	61.9

Average sleep duration: 6.4±2.4

^**