Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of T2DM patients with or without DR.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 633) | Non-DR (n = 390) | DR (n = 243) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 52.60 ± 10.59 | 49.59 ± 10.30 | 57.44 ± 9.18 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 444 (70.1) | 298 (76.4) | 146 (60.1) | <0.001 |
| Duration of T2DM (years) | 8.43 ± 6.33 | 5.93 ± 5.28 | 12.45 ± 5.80 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No smoking | 340 (53.7) | 183 (46.9) | 157 (64.6) | |
| Smoking | 242 (38.2) | 178 (45.6) | 64 (26.3) | |
| Quit smoking | 51 (8.1) | 29 (7.4) | 22 (9.1) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No drinking | 453 (71.6) | 251 (64.4) | 202 (83.1) | |
| Drinking | 157 (24.8) | 123 (31.5) | 34 (14.0) | |
| Quit drinking | 23 (3.6) | 16 (4.1) | 7 (2.9) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 254 (40.1) | 125 (32.1) | 129 (53.1) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 393 (62.1) | 220 (56.4) | 173 (71.2) | <0.001 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 401 (63.3) | 257 (65.9) | 144 (59.3) | 0.107 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.85 ± 3.36 | 25.95 ± 3.36 | 25.70 ± 3.37 | 0.368 |
| WHtR | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.742 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.62 ± 17.38 | 125.48 ± 16.68 | 133.67 ± 17.33 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.08 ± 10.73 | 79.47 ± 10.96 | 81.05 ± 10.28 | 0.071 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.86 ± 2.01 | 8.81 ± 2.05 | 8.94 ± 1.95 | 0.412 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.88 ± 3.19 | 8.77 ± 3.22 | 9.04 ± 3.12 | 0.296 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.14 ± 1.08 | 4.10 ± 0.95 | 4.22 ± 1.26 | 0.179 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.57 (1.07, 2.38) | 1.59 (1.11, 2.47) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.27) | 0.160 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.38 ± 0.79 | 2.35 ± 0.76 | 2.43 ± 0.83 | 0.197 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.98 ± 0.25 | 0.97 ± 0.24 | 1.00 ± 0.26 | 0.133 |
| HGB (g/L) | 141.69 ± 15.47 | 145.07 ± 13.31 | 136.27 ± 17.09 | <0.001 |
| TSH (uIU/ml) | 2.01 (1.37, 2.89) | 1.95 (1.37, 2.81) | 2.08 (1.36, 2.95) | 0.235 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.72 ± 0.51 | 4.83 ± 0.50 | 4.56 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 16.42 ± 2.13 | 16.46 ± 2.02 | 16.36 ± 2.30 | 0.573 |
| Positive TPO-Ab, n (%) | 40 (6.3) | 25 (6.4) | 15 (6.2) | 1.000 |
Values are expressed as means ± SD or median (range) or count and percentage. BMI: body mass index; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FT3: free triiodothyronine; FT4: free thyroxine; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGB: hemoglobin; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TPO-Ab: thyroid peroxidase antibody; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio.