Table 4.
List of current recycling operations: hydrometallurgical and direct recycling.
| Company | Start Date | Method Used to Access the Active Materials | Method Used to Recover the Valuable Components | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recupyl (France) | February 1996 | Dry mechanical treatment under inert atmosphere | H2SO4 leaching | [56,57] |
| H2O2 reduction | ||||
| Selective precipitation | ||||
| OnTo Technology (USA) | November 2005 | Supercritical CO2 | Heating at 400–900 °C, LiOH alkaline solution | [58,59] |
| June 2010 | Disassembly/cutting | |||
| November 2016 | - | |||
| Retriev (Canada) | December 2013 | Wet mechanical treatment | Flotation and alkaline treatment | [60] |
| Brunp (China) | August 2018 | Pyrolysis/hydrometallurgy | H2SO4 leaching | [61] |
| H2O2, Na2S, or NaHS reduction | ||||
| No indication of metal recovery in reports |