Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for depression across different frequencies or servings of dietary habits
| Dietary habitsa | Depression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable adjustedb | Multivariable + BMIc | |||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Sweetened drinks | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | Reference | ||
| Lower than once per week | 0.91 | 0.72–1.16 | 0.92 | 0.72–1.18 |
| Once or more per week | 0.78* | 0.62–0.99 | 0.76* | 0.59–0.96* |
| Fast foods | ||||
| Not at all or few times per year | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1–3 times per month | 1.25 | 0.99–1.59 | 1.24 | 0.97–1.58 |
| Once or more per week | 1.61* | 1.18–2.18* | 1.61* | 1.18–2.203* |
| Canned foods | ||||
| Not at all or few times | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1–3 times per months | 0.99 | 0.79–1.23 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.24 |
| Once or more per week | 1.13 | 0.79–1.60 | 1.12 | 0.78–1.61 |
| Breakfast | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | Reference | ||
| Once per week | 1.35 | 0.79–2.37 | 1.37 | 0.78–2.40 |
| More than once per week | 0.72 | 0.49–1.07 | 0.74 | 0.49–1.11 |
| Sugar cubes (one sugar cube contains almost 3 g sugar) | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1–2 cubes per day | 0.95 | 0.71–1.27 | 0.95 | 0.70–1.59 |
| More than 2 cubes per day | 1.07 | 0.82–1.39 | 1.03 | 0.69–1.52 |
| Fried foods | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | Reference | ||
| Lower than once per week | 1.17 | 0.78–1.74 | 1.06 | 0.71–1.59 |
| Once or more per week | 1.14 | 0.77–1.68 | 1.03 | 0.69–1.52 |
| Snacks | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | Reference | ||
| Lower than once per week | 1.302* | 1.02–1.65* | 1.27 | 0.99–1.63 |
| Once or more per week | 1.39* | 1.03–1.87* | 1.36* | 1.01–1.84* |
OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
*Significance level was considered as p < 0.05
aDietary habits for all items were presented as frequency of consumption except for sugar cubes which presented as serving of intake
bAdjusted for age (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 years), education level (secondary school and lower, High school, Diploma and Graduate diploma, Bachelors, Masters, and PhD), physical activity level (low/medium/high), history of chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, and dyslipidemia), smoking (yes/no)
cAdjusted for age (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 years), education level (secondary school and lower, High school, Diploma and Graduate diploma, Bachelors, Masters, and PhD), having physical activity (yes/no), history of chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, and dyslipidemia), smoking (yes/no), and BMI