Clinicopathological variables influencing overall survival, recurrence and post-recurrence survival in resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer

Abstract

Background

To investigate clinicopathological variables influencing overall survival, overall recurrence, and post-recurrence survival (PRS) in patients who experienced curative-intent surgical resection of stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

We investigated a series of 1387 patients with stage I NSCLC who underwent surgical resection from 2008 to 2015. The effect clinicopathological factors on death, recurrence, and PRS were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier estimates and cox regression analysis.

Results

Among the 1387 stage I patients, 301 (21.7%) experienced recurrence. The 5-year cumulative incidence of recurrence (CIR) for all patients was 20.2% and median PRS was 25.5 months. The older age (P = 0.036), p-stage IB (P = 0.001), sublobar resection(P<0.001), histology subtype (P<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P = 0.042) were significantly associated with worse overall survival. Among 301 recurrent patients, univariable analysis indicated that p-stage IB (versus IA) (P<0.001), LVI (P<0.001) and visceral pleural invasion (VPI) (P<0.001) were remarkably correlated with the higher incidence of recurrence. Taking the effect of clinicopathological variables on PRS into consideration, smoking history (P = 0.043), non-adenocarcinoma (P = 0.013), high architectural grade of LUAD (P = 0.019), EGFR wild status (P = 0.002), bone metastasis (P =0.040) and brain metastasis (P = 0.042) were substantially related with poorer PRS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high architectural grade of LUAD (P = 0.008), brain metastasis (P = 0.010) and bone metastasis (P = 0.043) were independently associated with PRS.

Conclusion

In patients with resected stage I NSCLC, the older age, p-stage IB (versus IA), sublobar resection, histology subtype, and LVI were significantly associated with worse overall survival. P-stage IB (versus IA), LVI, and VPI were significantly correlated with the higher incidence of recurrence. High architectural grade of LUAD, brain metastasis and bone metastasis were independent risk factors with PRS.

Background

Lung cancer is so far the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for an estimate of 690, 000 deaths in China and 1,761,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 [1, 2]. The standard of care for patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the curative-intent anatomic surgical resection, whereas tumor metastasis or recurrence leads to the treatment failure and mortality after surgery [3]. Reported locoregional recurrence rates were shown to elevate with advancing pathological stage (5–19%, 11–27%, 24–40% for stage I, II, and IIIA respectively) and to range with various surgical resection modalities (lobectomy, 4.9–7%; segmentectomy, 9.1–16%; and wedge resection, 11–27.8%) [4]. Previous studies have reported that recurrence rates, based on the primary stage and follow-up time, varied between 18.5 and 75% for resected NSCLC patients with stage I to III [5–7]. According to outcomes of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and the Nelson trials for screening computed tomography (CT) scans, the improvements in the early diagnosis and the reduction in the mortality of lung cancer have been greatly anticipated [8, 9]. Appropriate surveillance strategies such as CT scans are therefore of great importance to identify earlier and to screen recurrent patients who have the high probability of mortality. Hence, identification of prognostic variables for recurrence in lung cancer after surgery is of great significance for screening high-risk patients for further and better treatments.

NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer, including the primary subtypes such as lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), squamous carcinoma (LUSC), and adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC) [10]. LUAD is the most common histologic type of NSCLC, which, based on the predominant subtype, is classified into adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), lepidic-, acinar-, papillary-, micropapillary-, and solid-predominant invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) in accordance with IASLC/ATS/ERS and 2015 WHO classifications [11, 12]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the predominant histologic patterns were strongly associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) [13, 14]. Up to date, several studies have reported the prognostic value of the new classification to predict mortality and recurrence mainly in LUAD or non-LUAD. Nevertheless, few studies were found to focus on LUSC, LASC or other lung cancer subtypes [15–17]. Among these limited number of studies, even fewer evaluated the predictive value of such classification with regard to recurrence patterns and post-recurrence survival (PRS) in NSCLC, especially LUSC [5, 6, 18–20]. To mend this inadequacy, we set out to investigate the prognostic value of clinicopathologic factors and histologic subtypes on the overall survival, overall recurrence, and PRS. Our study involved a large and homogenous cohort of resected stage-I patients with NSCLC, not limited to lung adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. By focusing on recurrent patients following the curative-intent surgery, we could identify the risk factors and explore their effect on the OS, overall recurrence, and PRS in resected stage-I NSCLC patients.

Methods

In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who had undergone anatomic resection for pathologically diagnosed stage I NSCLC including LUAD, LUSC, LASC and other histologic subtypes. The medical clinicopathologic data were taken from West China Hospital (WCH), Sichuan University between 2009 through 2015. Lobectomy was deemed to be as the standard surgical modality for early-stage NSCLC patients at WCH. Sublobar resection, including segmentectomy or wedge resection, was regarded as the surgical option for patients with comorbidities, poor pulmonary function, or very small nodules that made lobectomy inappropriate. The clinicopathologic variables were retrieved from our prospectively established Lung Cancer Database of West China Hospital as follows: age (operation age and recurrence age), sex, smoking history, surgery modality, tumor histology, pathologic TNM stage, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), visceral pleural invasion (VPI), EGFR status, adjuvant therapy, PRS. Exclusion criteria were patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy, or/and radiation therapy, or had multiple metachronous or metastatic lesions, or had positive surgical margin. A total of 1387 patients who had the complete follow-up were eligible for the study.

Postoperative assessment contained health checkup, serum tumor markers (CEA, CA125, CA199, NSE, CYFRA21-1), chest/upper-abdominal CT scans, and bone scintigraphy. Histologic subtypes of NSCLC were identified according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS and 2015 WHO classifications. LUAD was classified into MIA and IA, the latter of which was subdivided into solid-, micropapillary-, papillary-, acinar-, and lepidic-predominant subtypes [11, 12]. Tumors were divided into 3 groups including high grade group of micropapillary- and solid-predominant IA, intermediate group of acinar- and papillary-predominant IA, low group of MIA and lepidic-predominant IA [13, 21]. Disease stage was determined in accordance with the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee (AJCC) on Cancer Staging Manual [22]. The following factors were also included in this study: pathologic stage, visceral pleural invasion (VPI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and EGFR status. Routine follow-up of postoperative lung cancer was carried out on the basis of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines [23]. Medical examination, blood examination (serum tumor biomarkers), chest or and abdomen CT scans were performed every 6 months for the first 2 years after resection. The clinical follow-up and routine CT scans were carried out annually from the 3rd to 5th year after surgery. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), abdominal and cervical/supraclavicular ultrasonography, or bone scintigraphy were done if abnormal symptoms were noticed in the corresponding regions. All the data were extracted from the Lung Cancer Database of West China Hospital, which covered the clinicopathological characteristics and complete follow-up information of included patients. The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and informed consent was waived by the board because of its retrospective nature.

This study had two main endpoints: (1) recurrence after initial surgery and (2) death with or without recurrence. The identification of recurrence was determined by using the imageological examination such as CT, PET/CT, MRI or obtaining the histological specimen when necessary. Second independent primary lung cancer was distinguished from recurrent or metastatic foci via histologic profile of available biopsy specimen or image omics in accordance with the proposed criteria of the IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project [24]. Local recurrence was regarded as second loci in the ipsilateral containing the ipsilateral hilus and ipsilateral mediastinum. Distant metastasis or recurrence was deemed as the new lesion in the opposite lung, or elsewhere outside the mediastinum and hemithorax [5].

To investigate the prognostic value of clinicopathologic variables in the OS and overall recurrence, we adopted both univariable and multivariable analyses. The length of OS was calculated between the initial operate date and the time of either death or last contact. The length of overall recurrence was measured from the date of resection to the time of initial recurrence. Length of PRS was deemed as the interval between the initial recurrence date and death date or last contact. Patients were censored at the last available follow-up when they had not experienced death or relapse. We performed the Kaplan-Meier approach on the basis of log-rank test to estimate the OS and PRS. Cumulative incidence of recurrence (CIR) was calculated by adopting the probability of recurrence after surgery based on competing risks approaches [25]. We performed the Gray method for univariable nonparametric tests and used Fine-Gray model for multivariable analyses to assess the differences in CIR between groups [26, 27]. SPSS software (version 21.0) and R version 3.6.0 were used to perform the statistical analyses, and two-sided P values < 0.05 were regarded as the statistical significance.

Results

This study cohort consisted of 1387 patients with resected stage I NSCLC, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them were 1028 LUAD including 12 MIA, 276 LUSC, 49 LASC, and 34 other tumor histology subtypes (Others). In the current study, no recurrent disease was observed in AIS or in MIA. Of the 1028 LUAD, 447 patients who had the available subtypes were classified as lepidic predominant (n = 183), acinar predominant (n = 178), papillary predominant (n = 48), micropapillary predominant (n = 2), and solid predominant (n = 24). Detailed clinicopathologic characteristics are delineated in Table 1. The median overall survival was more than 60 months and the median follow-up for the identified 1387 patients with NSCLC was 63.6 months (range: 61.6–65.5 months) (Fig. 1a). At the end of the study period, 251 patients had died. The older age (HR: 1.169, 95%CI: 1.010–1.352; P = 0.036), p-stage IB (HR: 1.217, 95%CI: 1.106–1.461; P = 0.001), sublobar resection (HR: 1.548, 95%CI: 1.280–1.871; P<0.001) and histologic subtype (P<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P = 0.042) were significantly associated with overall survival.

Table 1.

Patient characteristics and univariable analysis of overall survival and overall recurrence

		Overall Survival (n = 1387)				Overall Recurrence
		Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis		Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
	N	HR 95%CI	P value	HR 95%CI	P value	5-yr CIR	SHR 95% CI	P value	SHR 95% CI	P value
Primary tumor factor
Age at surgery, years
≤ 65	971	1		1		19.9%	1
>65	416	1.169(1.010–1.352)	0.036	1.112(0.898–1.376)	0.330	21.0%	1.063(0.826–1.368)	0.633
Sex
Male	772	1				21.7%	1
Female	615	0.965(0.930–1.220)	0.364			18.3%	0.821(0.647–1.041)	0.104
Smoking history
Never	783	1		1		18.9%	1
Ever	604	0.875(0.762–1.004)	0.057	1.152(1.026–1.432)	0.043	21.9%	1.192(0.944–1.506)	0.105
Pathologic stage
IA	488	1		1		12.8%	1		1
IB	899	1.217(1.106–1.461)	0.001	1.318(1.071–1.621)	0.010	24.2%	2.048(1.547–2.710)	< 0.001	1.123(0.633–1.994)	0.692
Surgery
Lobectomy	1223	1		1		20.6%	1
Sublobar	164	1.548(1.280–1.871)	< 0.001	1.196(0.914–1.564)	0.192	20.7%	1.053(0.590–1.274)	0.468
Tumor histology
LUAD	1028	1				19.1%	1
LUSC	276	0.693(0.576–0.835)				22.3%	1.198(0.901–1.593)
LASC	49	0.775(0.520–1.155)				30.6%	1.757(1.040–2.970)
Others	34	1.081(0.700–1.669)	0.001			20.6%	1.115(0.525–2.369)	0.145
Carcinoma type
LUAD	1028	1		1		19.1%	1		1
Non-Non-LUAD	359	0.735(0.623–0.867)	< 0.001	1.041(0.140–1.733)	0.929	23.3%	1.262(0.978–1.629)	0.074	1.987(0.837–2.344)	0.073
Predominant subtype of LUAD
MIA	12	1		1		8.3%	1		1
Lepidic	183	0.580(0.322–0.994)		1.446(0.587–3.562)		10.9%	1.293(0.174–9.636)		0.961(0.127–1.261)
Acinar	178	1.084(0.603–1.950)		1.119(0.615–2.035)		20.7%	2.603(0.357–8.974)		1.833(0.247–3.623)
Papillary	48	0.877(0.464–1.659)		1.487(0.574–3.856)		25.0%	3.178(0.413–4.443)		1.984(0.251–5.702)
Micropapillary	2	0.478(0.107–2.137)		0.807(0.800–6.262)		50.0%	10.576(0.661–16.154)		9.424(0.559–10.928)
Solid	24	1.501(0.746–3.023)	< 0.001	1.611(0.786–3.300)	< 0.001	33.4%	4.911(0.614–9.268)	0.070	2.979(0.368–4.104)	0.030
EGFR status
Wild-type	206	1				33.0%	1
Mutated	277	1.032(0.849–1.255)	0.753			27.0%	0.789(0.568–1.095)	0.157
LVI
Absent	1336	1		1		19.0%	1		1
Present	51	1.414(1.013–1.975)	0.042	1.086(0.601–1.996)	0.790	51.0%	3.364(2.247–5.038)	< 0.001	1.586(1.339–2.936)	0.037
VPI
Absent	818	1				15.9%	1		1
Present	569	0.899(0.783–1.033)	0.132			26.4%	1.779(1.408–2.248)	< 0.001	1.217(1.073–1.833)	0.006
Adjuvant chemotherapy (stage IB)	899
No Chemotherapy	555	1				13.5%	1		1
Chemotherapy	344	1.038(0.870–1.238)	0.678			41.3%	3.925(2.952–5.219)	< 0.001	4.433(2.736–7.813)	< 0.001

Abbreviations: CIR cumulative incidence of recurrence, AIS adenocarcinoma in situ, MIA minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, LVI lymphovascular invasion, VPI visceral pleural invasion, LUAD lung adenocarcinoma, LUSC lung squamous carcinoma, LASC lung adenosquamous carcinoma, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer

Fig. 1.

a Overall survival of patients with stage I NSCLC; b Cumulative incidence of recurrence (CIR) of patients with stage I NSCLC; c Post-recurrence survival (PRS) curve for recurrent patients with stage I NSCLC

Of the 1387 patients identified, 301 (21.7%) had developed recurrence or relapse. The 5-year overall recurrence for all stage I patients was 20.2% (Fig. 1b). Table 1 presented results of univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival and overall recurrence according to clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with stage I NSCLC. For univariate analysis, p-stage IB (versus IA) (HR: 2.048, 95%CI: 1.547–2.710; P<0.001), LVI (HR: 3.364, 95%CI: 2.247–5.038; P<0.001), visceral pleural invasion (VPI) (HR: 1.779, 95%CI: 1.408–2.248; P<0.001) were significantly correlated with the higher incidence of lung cancer recurrence.

Of the 301 patients who underwent the recurrence, 230 (76.4%) had distant recurrence, 71 (23.6%) had local recurrence, and 141 died during the at least 5-year follow-up. The most commonly involved organs for distant recurrence were the lung (n = 193), brain (n = 82), bone (n = 85) and liver (n = 30). The majority of recurrences were diagnosed by CT scans. A total of 194 recurrent patients received the post-recurrence therapy (PRT), including chemotherapy for 67 patients, surgery plus chemotherapy or and targeted therapy for 34, targeted therapy alone for 22, surgery alone for 3 (Table 2). Other treatments details are presented in Table 2. On the whole, 1-,2- and 5-year PRS was 75.1%, 55.1, and 16.6% respectively. Median PRS time for the recurrent patients was 25.5 months (range: 22.2–28.9 months) (Fig. 1c). We further explored risk factors associated with post-recurrence survival. Taking the effect of clinicopathological variables on PRS into the account, smoking history (HR:1.266, 95%CI: 1.008–1.589; P = 0.043), non-adenocarcinoma (HR: 1.357, 95%CI: 1.074–1.762; P = 0.013), high architectural grade of LUAD (HR: 2.795, 95%CI:1.181–6.615; P = 0.019), EGFR wild status (HR:2.140, 95%CI: 1.307–3.503; P = 0.002), brain metastasis (HR: 1.442, 95%CI:1.013–2.051; P = 0.042) and bone metastasis (HR: 1.443, 95%CI:1.017–2.048; P = 0.040) were significantly related with worse PRS (Fig. 2). Multivariate analysis revealed that high architectural grade of LUAD (HR: 3.740, 95%CI:1.405–9.953; P = 0.008), brain metastasis (HR: 3.557, 95%CI:1.354–9.340; P = 0.010) and bone metastasis (HR: 2.397, 95%CI:1.026–5.601; P = 0.043) were independently and significantly associated with PRS.

Table 2.

Patient characteristics and PRS analysis

Overall	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
Recurrent Patients	No. (%)	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
Primary tumor factor	301
Age at recurrence, years
≤ 65	195	1
>65	106	1.187(0.936–1.506)	0.157
Sex
Male	178	1
Female	123	0.861(0.683–1.085)	0.204
Smoking history
Never	163	1		1
Ever	138	1.266(1.008–1.589)	0.043	1.847(0.541–6.313)	0.328
Pathologic stage
IA	70	1
IB	231	1.113(0.718–1.725)	0.633
Surgery
Lobectomy	284	1
Sublobar resection	17	1.183(0.724–1.933)	0.502
Tumor histology
Adenocarcinoma (LUAD)	210	1
Squamous carcinoma (LUSC)	65	1.344(1.016–1.778)
Adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC)	19	1.319(0.823–2.113)
Others	7	1.889(0.886–4.025)	0.068
Carcinoma type
Adenocarcinoma (LUAD)	210	1		1
Non-Adenocarcinoma (Non-LUAD)	91	1.375(1.074–1.762)	0.013	7.421(0.861–8.323)	0.909
Architectural grade of LUAD
Low/immediate grade	76	1		1
High grade	9	2.795(1.181–6.615)	0.019	3.740(1.405–9.953)	0.008
EGFR status
Mutated	80	1		1
Wild-type	77	2.140(1.307–3.503)	0.002	0.385(0.115–1.284)	0.120
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI)
Absent	284	1
Present	17	0.749(0.451–1.245)	0.749
Visceral pleural invasion (VPI)
Absent	115	1
Present	186	1.068(0.729–1.566)	0.735
Type of recurrence
Local	71	1
Distant	230	1.009(0.772–1.318)	0.949
Recurrence pattern
Intrathoracic	62	1
Extrathoracic	87	0.756(0.543–1.053)
Both	152	0.762(0.566–1.027)	0.165
Recurrence pattern
Single site	137	1
Multiple site	164	1.004(0.728–1.148)	0.439
Recurrence site
Lung	193	1.198(0.837–1.715)	0.324
Brain	82	1.442(1.013–2.051)	0.042	3.557(1.354–9.340)	0.010
Bone	85	1.443(1.017–2.048)	0.040	2.397(1.026–5.601)	0.043
Liver	30	1.139(0.685–1.893)	0.617
Initial therapy of recurrence
Single therapy
Surgery	3	0.746(0.239–2.331)	0.614
Chemotherapy	67	0.896(0.681–1.179)	0.432
Radiation therapy	20	1.041(0.660–1.640)	0.863
Targeted therapy	22	0.998(0.891–2.380)	0.095
Multimodality
Chemotherapy+ radiation therapy/ targeted therapy	48	0.821(0.602–1.120)	0.213
Surgery + Chemotherapy/radiation therapy/targeted therapy	34	0.758(0.530–0.984)	0.046	0.663(0.174–2.533)	0.548

Abbreviations: LVI lymphovascular invasion, VPI visceral pleural invasion, LUAD lung adenocarcinoma, LUSC lung squamous carcinoma, LASC lung adenosquamous carcinoma

Fig. 2.

Post-recurrence survival (PRS) curve for recurrent patients with stage I NSCLC by subgroups into brain recurrence status (a), bone recurrence status (b), architectural grade of LUAD (c)

Discussion

Although previous studies have reported molecular and clinicopathologic variables for the recurrence for NSCLC after initial resection especially in LUAD [28, 29], the recurrence pattern of LUSC, LASC or other NSCLC subtypes still needs to be investigated. To our knowledge, this present study is the first to comprehensively explore the influence of clinicopathologic factors on OS, overall recurrence and post-recurrence survival based on a largest cohort of patients with NSCLC having LUAD, LUSC, LASC and other subtypes. The median follow-up period of all resected lung cancer patients was more than 60 months.

The prognostic value of the new IASLC/ATS/ERS classification system in the OS and the overall recurrence has been reported and discussed in several previous studies [15, 16, 21, 30]. Warth et al. reported that solid-, micropapillary-, and papillary-adenocarcinoma patients who underwent the surgery (the frequencies: 37.6, 6.8, and 4.7% respectively), compared to lepidic- and acinar-predominant histologic patterns (the frequencies: 8.1 and 42.5%, respectively), were significantly related with lower disease-free survival (DFS) and poorer OS [15]. Yoshizawa et al. showed that LUAD patients with stage I having high-grade tumors including solid- and micropapillary-predominant subtypes were significantly associated with worse overall survival and a higher incidence of recurrence [21]. Hung et al. demonstrated that LUAD patients with resected stage I-III owing the high architectural grade including solid- (13.6%) and micropapillary- (19.5%) predominant patterns, compared with papillary- (27.1%), acinar- (33.7%), and lepidic- (6.1%) predominant subtypes, were remarkably associated with worse overall survival, poorer disease- specific survival and higher incidence of recurrence [16, 31]. Our outcomes also demonstrated that the solid-predominant patients of LUAD had the higher possibility of recurrence similarly to the reported results despite the limited number of corresponding patients. According to the regular CT surveillance protocol, we found that most recurrences or disease progression appeared within the first 2 years after the curative-intent surgical section, which indicated that the regular CT surveillance was of great significance for the postoperative lung cancer patients. However, the best interval time for postoperative follow-up is still to be warranted to be investigated and validated in case of excessive or delayed medical treatment due to insufficient diagnosis. In addition, the current study also demonstrated that high architectural grade including solid-predominant LUAD was significantly associated with poor PRS, which highlights the need for medical care for the postoperative clinical contact.

The present study also investigated the clinicopathological factors influencing the PRS of stage I NSCLC patients. Although surgical resection with curative intent is the most effective treatment modality for patients having stage I NSCLC, previous studies have reported an incidence of recurrence in stage I NSCLC ranging from 14 to 36%, with 1- and 2-year PRS rates of 38–88%, and 19–72.3% respectively (Table 3). In this study, overall incidence of recurrence during the postoperative 5 years was 20.2% and median PRS time was 25.5 months. We examined the impact of clinicopathological variables on OS and overall recurrence and identified a number of risk factors that were significantly associated with worse OS including the older age (P = 0.036), p-stage IB (P = 0.001), sublobar resection(P<0.001), histologic subtype (P<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P = 0.042). Smoking history (P = 0.043), non-adenocarcinoma (P = 0.013), high architectural grade of LUAD (P = 0.019), EGFR wild status (P = 0.002), bone metastasis (P = 0.040) and brain metastasis (P = 0.042) were marginally correlated with worse PRS. Some risk factors such as sublobar resection and high architectural grade of LUAD were consistent with previous studies.

Table 3.

Post-recurrence survival of patients with stage I NSCLC in previous studies

Series	Year	No. of patients	Histologic profile	Recurrence	Incidence of Recurrence (%)	PRS, % (y)	Independent factors of poor PRS
Current study	2019	1387	LUAD: 1028 LUSC: 276 LASC: 49 Others: 34	LUAD:210 LUSC: 65 LASC: 19 Others: 7	301 (21.7%) Locoregional recurrence: 71 (23.6%); Distant metastasis: 230 (76.4%)	75.1% (1-year) 55.1%(2-year) 37.2%(3-year) 16.6%(5-year)	architectural grade (micropapillary and solid predominant); recurrence site of brain or bone
Ujiie et al. [5]	2014	1120	LUAD: 1120	LUAD: 188	188 (17%) Locoregional recurrence: 59 (31%) Distant metastasis: 129 (69%)	67% (1-year) 45% (2-year) 36% (3-year) 14% (5-year)	Older age (>65 yr) at the time of recurrence; sublobar resection; solid predominant; distant metastasis;
Shimada et al. [6]	2013	919	LUAD: 919	LUAD: 46 Non-LUAD: 46	170 (18%) Locoregional recurrence: 43 (25%) distant metastasis: 113 (66%) locoregional recurrence + distant metastasis: 14 (9%)	73% (1-year) 51% (2-year)	PRT; male sex; poorly differentiated
Hung et al. [16]	2013	283	LUAD: 283	LUAD: 283	57 (20%)	72.3% (2-year) 31.6% (5-year)	Micropapillary and solid predominant
Song et al. [20]	2013	475	NSCLC	LUAD: 46 LUSC: 15 Other: 11	72 (15%) Locoregional recurrence: 36 (50%) distant metastasis: 36 (50%)	88% (1-year) 53% (3-year)	Bad response for treatment; Recurrence-free interval<12 months
Hung et al. [7]	2010	933	NSCLC	LUAD: 95 LUSC: 46 Other: 25	Distant metastasis: 166 (17.8%) Single organ metastasis: 106 Multiple organ metastasis: 60	37.7% (1-year) 18.9% (2-year)	Disease-free interval more than 16 months
Hung et al. [19]	2009	933	NSCLC	LUAD: 45 LUSC: 60 Other: 18	Locoregional recurrence: 123 (13.2%) Local only: 74 locoregional recurrence + distant metastasis: 49	48.0% (1-year) 18.7% (2-year)	PRT (chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiotherapy)
Nakagawa et al. [18]	2008	397	LUAD:300 LUSC: 89 Other: 8	87	87 (21.9%) Locoregional recurrence: 30 (34.5%) Distant metastasis: 57 (65.6%)	67.7% (1-year) 34.4% (3-year)	Symptoms at recurrence: liver or cervico-mediastinum; PRT (non-surgery/surgery)

Abbreviations: LASC lung adenosquamous carcinoma, LUAD lung adenocarcinoma, LUSC lung squamous carcinoma, PRT post-recurrence therapy

Previous research reported that the recurrence sites might be a risk factors for PRS, which was consistent with our findings. Yoshino et al. showed that bone metastasis was reported to be the remarkably significant unfavorable factor for PRS in the NSCLC patients with resected stage I-III [32]. Shimada et al. demonstrated that liver metastasis (P<0.001) and bone metastasis (P = 0.001) were independently and significantly correlated with worse PRS [6]. Ujiie et al. showed that solid predominant adenocarcinoma was marginally associated with higher recurrence or metastasis incidence of brain (P = 0.007), adrenal gland (P = 0.034), and liver (P = 0.038) than the non-solid predominant tumors [5]. Hung et al. reported that the higher incidence of distant metastasis occurred in adenocarcinoma and higher probability of local recurrence existed in non-adenocarcinoma [33]. Zhang et al. confirmed that adenocarcinoma histology, compared to squamous cell carcinoma, had the higher incidence of bone or brain recurrence [34]. The present study also indicated that the non-LUAD histology, brain metastasis and bone metastasis were significantly associated with worse PRS.

With the rapid development of management of lung cancer, molecular target therapy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has exerted survival benefit for the NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations [35, 36]. Shimada et al. demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), compared with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, were significantly associated with favorable PRS (HR = 0.460, 95%CI 0.245–0.862, P = 0.015), which improved the quality of life and survival benefit [6]. The current study also suggested that NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, having received the EGFR-TKIs, obtained a favorable PRS. However, since no EGFR mutations accounts for the majority of the lung cancer, the most appropriate treatment modality for resected lung cancer with no mutations is needed to be investigated.

Nonetheless, the present study had some limitations. First, the retrospective nature hinders us to assess the influence of clinicopathological factors on the post-recurrence survival. Prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more appropriate in this regard. Second, our sample may not be largely representative because all patients involved in the study were Chinese. A multi-center investigating targeting non-Asian populations will certainly validate the results. Finally, not all LUADs had the predominant histologic subtypes due to insufficient records data. Despite these limitations, this current study is, to our knowledge, the first to investigate comprehensively the impact of clinicopathologic factors on post-recurrence survival based on the largest cohort of patients diagnosed with NSCLC with a median follow up of more than 5 years.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the clinicopathological variables have significant prognostic and predictive value for the OS, overall recurrence, and PRS, which will likely affect the clinical decision making in the near future. This study also provides new insight to help clinicians to identify high-risk patients, make personalized postoperative follow-up strategies and conduct the appropriate post-recurrence therapies.

Abbreviations

AIS

Adenocarcinoma in situ

CIR

Cumulative incidence of recurrence

LASC

Lung adenosquamous carcinoma

LUAD

Lung adenocarcinoma

LUSC

Lung squamous carcinoma

LVI

Lymphovascular invasion

MIA

Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma

NSCLC

Non-small–cell lung cancer

PRT

Post-recurrence therapy

RCTs

Randomized controlled trials

VPI

Visceral pleural invasion

Authors’ contributions

WL and DL contributed to conceptualization and supervision. CW, YW performed data acquisition and statistical analysis. CW and JS wrote and reviewed the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants 81871890 and 91859203 from National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant 2017-CY02–00030-GX from the Science and Technology Project of Chengdu, and grant 2017YFC0910004 from National Key Development Plan for Precision Medicine Research. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript..

Availability of data and materials

The original data that support the results of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of West China Hospital, Sichuan University” that approved the retrospective study in which informed consent was waived, but patient confidentiality was protected.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.