Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies (N = 25)
| Study ID/date | Study design | Time | Definition of high-risk PCa | Median age (RP vs RT) | Sample (n) | Comparison of treatments | Median follow-up | End-points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jayadevappa 2019 | R. cohort | 1996–2003 | GS ≥ 8 or T ≥ T2c | NA | 6296 | RP vs EBRT vs EBRT + BT | 10 years | OS/CSS |
| Reichard 2019 | R. cohort | 2004–2013 | NCCN | 66 vs 61 | 304 | RP vs RT | 82.9 months | OS/MFS |
| Caño-Velasco 2019 | R. cohort | 1996–2008 | EAU | 65 vs 71 | 286 | RP vs EBRT |
RP: 152 months RT: 97 months |
CSS/OS |
| Muralidhar 2019 | R. cohort | 2004–2012 | GS: 9–10 | NA |
4367 2276 |
RP+aRT vs EBRT+BT |
6.0 years (NCDB) 5.8 years (SEER) |
OS |
| Berg 2019 | R. cohort | 2004–2015 | NCCN | 58.15 vs 58.12 | 13985 | RP vs EBRT+BT |
RP: 91 months EBRT+BT: 101 months |
OS |
| Tilki 2019 | R. cohort | 1992–2013 | GS: 9–10 |
MaxRT: 70.34 RP: 66. 40 RP+aRT:66.64 MaxRP: 66.04 RP+ADT: 66.38 |
639 |
RP vs RP+aRT vs MaxRP vs RP+ADT vs MaxRT |
MaxRT: 5.51 years RP: 4.89 years RP + aRT: 3.87 years MaxRP: 4.88 years RP + ADT: 4.65 years |
CSS/OS |
| Jang 2018 | R. cohort | 1992–2009 | T ≥ T3 | NA | 13856 | RP+aRT vs RT | 14.6 years | CSS/OS |
| Tyson 2018 | P. cohort | 2011–2012 | D’Amico | 65 | 2117 | RP vs EBRT | 3 years | QoL |
| Ennis 2018 | R. cohort | 2004–2013 | NCCN |
RP vs EBRT vs EBRT+BT: 62.61 vs 69.66 vs 67.15 |
42765 | RP vs EBRT vs EBRT+BT | 36.34 months | OS |
| Gu 2018 | R. cohort | 2004–2008 | NCCN | 66 | 7656 | RP vs EBRT | NA | CSS/OS |
| Markovina 2018 | R. cohort | 2002–2011 | NCCN | 62.9 vs 64.2 | 246 | RP vs EBRT |
RP: 41 months RT: 51.4 months |
OS/MFS |
| Kishan 2018 | R. cohort | 2000–2013 | GS: 9–10 |
RP vs EBRT vs EBRT+BT: 61 vs 67.7 vs 67.5 |
1809 |
RP vs EBRT vs EBRT+BT 61 vs 67.7 vs 67.5 |
RP: 4.2 years EBRT: 5.1 years EBRT + BT: 6.3 years | CSS/OS/MFS |
| Robinson 2018 | R. cohort | 1998–2012 | NCCN | 63.1 vs 67 | 41953 | RP vs RT |
RP: 7.3 years RT: 6.9 years |
CSS |
| Feldman 2017 | R. cohort | 1992–2009 | T3 | 71.76 vs 71.75 | 2935 | RP vs EBRT |
RP: 11.47 years EBRT: 7.04 years |
OS/CSS/QoL |
| Ciezki 2017 | P. cohort | 1996–2012 | NCCN |
LDRBT vs EBRT vs RP: 70 vs 68.5 vs 62 |
2557 | LDRBT vs EBRT vs RP |
LDRBT: 48.9 months EBRT: 94.6 months RP: 55.6 months |
BRFS/CSS/QoL |
| Yamamoto 2015 | P. cohort | 2006–2010 | NCCN | 67 vs 71 | 150 | RP vs EBRT | 2 years | QoL |
| Sun 2014 | R. cohort | 1992–2005 | T2c | 70 vs 73 | 67087 | RP vs RT vs WW | NA | OS/CSS |
| Hoffman 2013 | R. cohort | 1994–1995 | PSA > 10 or GS 8–10 | NA | 1655 | RP vs EBRT | 15 years | OS/CSS |
| Kibel 2012 | R. cohort | 1995–2005 | D’Amico |
RP vs EBRT vs BT: 60 vs 69 vs 68(Clinic 1) 61 vs 70 vs 69(Clinic 2) |
10429 | RP vs EBRT vs BT | 67 months | OS/CSS |
| Westover 2012 | R. cohort | 1988–2009 | D’Amico | 65 vs 70 | 657 | RP vs EBRT+BT |
RP: 7.6 years EBRT + BT: 3.6 years |
CSS |
| Boorjian 2011 | R. cohort | 1988–2004 | NCCN |
RP: 66 EBRT+ADT: 68.8 EBRT: 69.3 |
1847 | RP vs EBRT+ADT vs EBRT |
RP: 10.2 years EBRT + ADT: 6.0 years EBRT: 7.3 years |
OS/CSS |
| Aizer 2009 | R. cohort | 1997–2005 | MSK/NCCN | NA | 556 | RP vs EBRT |
RP: 46 months EBRT: 40 months |
BRFS |
| Takizawa 2009 | R. cohort | 1998–2004 | NCCN | 64.9 vs 71.1 | 162 | RP vs EBRT | 41 months | OS/BRFS/QoL |
| Arcangeli 2009 | R. cohort | 2003–2007 | NCCN | 65.5 vs 75 | 284 | RP vs EBRT | RP: 33.8 months EBRT: 38.6 months | BRFS |
| Akakura 2006 | RCT | 1989–1993 | T2b-3N0M0 | 68.1 vs 68.7 | 95 | RP vs EBRT | 102 months | BRFS/CSS/OS/QoL |
RP prostatectomy, RT radiotherapy, EBRT external beam radiation therapy, BT brachytherapy, ADT androgen deprivation therapy, aRT adjuvant radiotherapy, WW watchful waiting, MaxRP RP + aRT + ADT, MaxRT EBRT + BT + ADT, LDRBT low-dose-rate brachytherapy, PSA prostate-specific antigen, GS Gleason score, NCCN National Comprehensive Cancer Network, MSK Memorial Sloan Kettering, QoL quality of life, OS overall survival, CSS cancer-specific survival, BRFS biochemical recurrence-free survival, MFS metastasis-free survival, CRF clinical recurrence-free survival, R. cohort retrospective cohort, P. cohort prospective cohort, P. and R. cohort prospective and retrospective cohort, RCT randomized controlled trial, vs versus, NA not available