TABLE 3.
Factors Associated With Refusal of Intramuscular Vitamin K
| Study, Country | Study Design (No. Participants) | Risk Factors Associated With Refusal of Intramuscular Vitamin K | Statisticsa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marcewicz et al,3 United States | Cross-sectional survey (N = 74) | Refusal of erythromycin eye ointment | N = 50 (68%) |
| Refusal of hepatitis B vaccine | N = 69 (93%) | ||
| Refusal of vitamin K injection, erythromycin eye ointment | N = 49 (66%) | ||
| Neonatal hepatitis B vaccine | — | ||
| Hamrick et al,4 United States | Cross-sectional survey (N = 54) | White race | N = 42 (78%) |
| >30 y of age | N = 31 (57%) | ||
| Intention to exclusively breastfeed | N = 54 (100%) | ||
| Refusal of hepatitis B vaccine | N = 49 (90%) | ||
| Refusal of erythromycin eye ointment | N = 42 (77%) | ||
| Sahni et al,13 Canada | Cohort study (N = 282 378) | Planned home birth | RR 4.9 (95% CI 3.8–6.4) |
| Deliveries in birthing centers | RR 3.6 (95% CI 2.3–5.6) | ||
| Midwife-assisted deliveries | RR 8.4 (95% CI 6.5–11.0) | ||
| No childhood vaccines at 15 mo | RR 14.6 (95% CI 13.9–15.3) | ||
| Loyal et al,5 United States | Nested case-control study (N = 102 878) | Exclusive breastfeeding | aOR 3.4 (95% CI 2.1–5.5) |
| Infant’s non-Hispanic white race and/or ethnicity | aOR 1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.4) | ||
| Female sex | aOR 1.6 (95% CI 1.2–2.3) | ||
| Increased gestational age | aOR 1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.4) | ||
| Increased mother’s age | aOR 1.05 (95% CI 1.02–1.08) | ||
| Refusal of both ocular prophylaxis and hepatitis B vaccine | aOR 88.7 (95% CI 50.4–151.9) | ||
| Bernhardt et al,14 New Zealand | Cohort study (N = 3575) | Nonimmunization | RR 14.1 (95% CI 7.8–25.9) |
| Incomplete immunization in childhood | RR 5.4 (95% CI 3.5–8.3) | ||
| Burke et al,15 New Zealand | Cohort study (N = 7089) | Asian ethnicity | OR 5.87 (95% CI 3.61–9.53) |
| Vaginal delivery | OR 2.85 (95% CI 1.83–4.43) | ||
| Increased gestational age (per week) | OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10–1.39) | ||
| Danziger at al,6 United States | Cohort study (N = 3758) | Delivery by certified midwife compared with physician | OR 6.2 (95% CI 3.3–11.6) |
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio.